SKRIPSI YANG TERSUSUN LENGKAP (WORD) DOWNLOAD DISINI >> DOWNLOAD
Cara Download? DISINI
INDONESIAN SUFFIX-NYA AND ITS
TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH FOUND IN NOVEL ‘SUPERNOVA’
BY:
MADE SUDANA
09.41.121.056
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION SHIFTS
FOUND IN NOVEL INHERITANCE
BY:
MADE SUDANA
09.41.121.056
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
ADVISOR AGREEMENT
This
paper has been approved to be examined by the Examining Board of English
Department, Faculty of Letters,
Warmadewa
University, Denpasar.
Advisors
Chairman Secretary
DR. WAYAN
KASNI, M.Hum
NIP: 230 20 0200
|
DRS. WAYAN
ANA, M.Hum
NIP: 230 20 0189
|
This paper is submitted as partial fulfillment to be
obtain the degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department, Faculty of
Letters,
Warmadewa University
Approved
by
The Examining Board of English Department,
Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University
August
29th, 2013
Denpasar,
1. Dr. Ni Wayan
Kasni, M.Hum _______________ (Chairman)
2. Drs. I Wayan
Ana, M.Hum _______________ (Secretary)
3. Drs. Nyoman
Sujaya, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
4. Dra.
Nyoman Kertiasih, SS. M.Hum _______________ (Member)
5. Drs.
A.A. Gede Suarjaya, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
PREFACE
First of all, I wish to thank God
for His blessing and mercies, so that I’m able to complete this writing at the
proper time. There are so many problems and difficulties in the process of
writing the paper. By working hard and the useful helps from my first advisor Dr.
Ni Wayan Kasni, M. Hum and my second advisor Drs. I Wayan Ana, M. Hum those
problems can be solved.
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to Drs. Nyoman Sujaya, M.Hum, as the Dean of Faculty of Letters,
Warmadewa University, Drs. I Wayan Ana, M.Hum as the Head of English Department
and all lecturers in Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University to for the permit
given to me to conduct a research.
From the deepest of my heart I also
would like to express my special gratitude to my lovely parents and brother who
have supported me in finishing my study. Thanks to my best friends (Tim Nuas) Darmapati, Wisnu, Sucar,
Prima, Indra, Surya, Sansan, Rama,
Sudewa, Swandenata, Ariem, Muditha and many more from English Department,
Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University; thanks for giving support in the
process of making this paper.
Finally, I realize that this paper
is still far from being perfect, therefore any constructive critics and
suggestions for the improvement of this writing are really appreciated. I hope
this writing will be useful for all of us, especially the students of English
Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
Denpasar, August 2013
I
Made Sudana
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background
and Problems 1
1.2 Scope of
Discussion 3
1.3 Aims 4
1.4 Theoretical
Basis 4
1.5 Method of
Research 5
II. RELATED STUDIES 7
2.1 Morpheme 7
2.2 Kinds of
Morpheme 8
2.2.1 Free
morpheme 8
2.2.2 Bound
morpheme 9
2.3 Affixes 9
2.3.1Prefix 10
2.3.2 Infix 10
2.3.3
Suffix 11
2.4
Function of suffix nya 12
2.4.1
Suffix nya as possessive pronoun 13
2.4.2
Suffix nya as object pronoun 13
2.4.3
Suffix nya as an Agentive object 14
2.4.4
Suffix nya as a Determiner 14
2.4.5
Suffix nya as Adverbializer 15
2.4.6
Suffix nya as Nominalizer 15
2.4.7
Suffix nya as indefinite number 16
2.5
Definition of Translation 17
2.6
Types of Translation 20
2.6.1
Literal Translation 20
2.6.2
Idiomatic Translation 22
2.7
Process of Translation 25
2.8
Definition of Translation Shift 27
2.8.1
Level Shift 27
2.8.2
Category Shift 28
2.8.2.1
Structure Shift 29
2.8.2.2
Class Shift 30
2.8.2.3
Unit/rank Shift 33
2.8.2.4
Intra-system Shift 35
III. ANALYSIS 36
3.1 Suffix nya as possessive pronoun translated into
his, her and their 36
3.1.1 Suffix nya translated into his 37
3.1.2 Suffix nya translated into her 41
3.1.3 Suffix nya translated into their 44
3.2 Suffix nya is translated into object pronoun 48
3.3 Suffix nya as indicator of definiteness
translated into article the 51
3.4 Suffix nya as Agentive object is translated
into she and he 52
3.5 Suffix nya as Determiner is translated into
article the 55
3.6 Suffix nya Adverbializer 58
3.7 Suffix nya as indefinite number 61
IV. CONCLUSION 62
4.1 Conclusion 62
4.2 Suggestion 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
The title of this paper is Indonesian suffix [-nya] and its translation
into English. This paper discussed and analyzed about suffix [-nya] and its translation into English.
Tthe method applied in conducting
this research consists of data source, data collection and data analysis. For
the data source I used a bilingual novel entitled Kesatria, Putri dan bintang jatuh by Dewi Lestari and was
translated into English entitled The
Knight, the Princes and Falling Star by Aveling. In collecting the data, I used
library research. First, I read the bilingual novel and collected the sentences
which are related with the suffix [-nya].
I used the theory of suffixation of Indonesian Language proposed by Sneddon
entitled Indonesian Reference Grammar
and Theory of Meaning Based Translation
written by Larson.
Based on the result of the
analysis, it was found that suffix [-nya]
has functions: as possessive pronoun, object pronoun, indicator of
definiteness, as adjective object, nominalizer, indefinite number, determiner
and an adverb. In relation to the
translation of suffix [-nya], I found
that the suffix [-nya] as possessive
pronoun was translated into his, her,
and their. Suffix [-nya] as object pronoun was translated
into her, him. Suffix [-nya] as indicator of definiteness, was
translated into article the. Suffix [-nya] as adjective object was translated
into she and he. Suffix [-nya] as
indefinite number was translated into this.
And suffix [-nya] as determiner was
translated into article the. And the
last suffix [-nya] as an adverb was
translated into adverbial phrase or object of complement.
ABSTRAK
Judul penelitian ini adalah Terjemahan suffiks[-nya] dalam Bahasa
Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris. Skripsi ini mencoba menganalisis serta menjelaskan
tentang terjemahan suffiks[-nya] ke dalam
bahasa Inggris.
Dalam melaksanakan penelitian
ini, peneliti menggunakan metodologi, yang terdiri dari sumber data,
pengumpulan data dan analisis data. Pada sumber data, peneliti menggunakan
novel dua bahasa yang berjudul Kesatria,
Putri dan bintang jatuh oleh Dewi Lestari yang diterjemahkan ke dalam
Bahasa Inggris yang berjudul The Knight,
the Princes and Falling Star oleh Aveling. Pada pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan penelitian
kepustakaan. Pertama-tama peneliti membaca novel dua bahasa dan mengumpulkan
kalimat-kalimat yang berhubungan dengan suffiks [-nya]. Utuk menganalisis data, peneliti mengunakan theory suffiks
dari buku yang berjudul Indonesian Reference
Grammar yang ditulis oleh Sneddon dan The
Theory of Meaning Based Translation oleh Larson.
Berdasarkan analisis ditemukan
bahwa suffiks[-nya] mempunyai
beberapa fungsi, yaitu: kata ganti kepunyaan, sebagai objek penderita, sebagai
objek penyerta, sebagai objek pelaku dan sebagai pembentuk kata keterangan. Dan
pada terjemahannya ditemukan bahwa suffiks [-nya] sebagai kata ganti kepunyaan diterjemahkan menjadi his, her
dan their. Suffiks [-nya] sebagai objek penderita
diterjmahkan menjadi her, him.
Suffiks [-nya] sebagai objek penyerta
diterjemahkan menjadi article the.
Suffiks [-nya] sebagai objek pelaku
diterjemahkan menjadi she dan he. Dan terakhir Suffiks [-nya] pembentuk kata keterangan
diterjamahkan menjadi adverbial phrase
atau object complement.
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background and Problems
In this globalization era, English
is important. The information can give us about what happens in this life. The
information can be found in many sources, like newspaper, television, and
magazine, etc. People use language to verbalize to other people what they want,
and to communicate information and express their ideas.
Communication
is one of the important activities of human being. As social human being,
people cannot live alone without other people. By good communication it is
easier to convey some information, ideas, and statements from other people. Each part of our life is covered by language.
And in written and spoken language we need words and sentences to make the
information can be accepted by the listener.
Word can be
simple or complex. A simple word consists solely of a base which cannot be
broken down into smaller unit. A base carries the essential meaning of word,
while complex word is formed by word formation. In the language there are many
complex words that can be separated into smaller form and then it can be
separated again until the smaller form which is called morpheme. Two or more
morphemes can be formed into a word by affixations process. There are three
types of affix in Indonesian: prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes. A prefix is
attached before the base. When a prefix is discussed separately it is indicated
by a hyphen after it, such as ber-. A
suffix comes after a base, indicated by hyphen before it, such as –nya. A circumfix contains two parts, one
occurring before the base and one after it such as ke-…-an.
Translation
plays an important role in communication between two difference language
societies. Through translation an idea
in one language can be expressed into another. Indonesian people who consider
English as foreign language is taking much knowledge from those English
speaking countries.
A lot of books
that have been translated from Indonesian into English like Supernova by Dewi Lestari. In the
translation of Indonesian texts into English, there are many interesting
objects that we can be found. One of those objects is the translation of
Indonesian suffix into English.
Suffix [-nya]
which is used for forming the new word and has many functions. When Suffix [-nya]
is translated into English. It can be shown pronoun, article, adverbializer and
so on. For examples:
1. SL:
Wajahanya yang manis membuat ia
selalu tampak tersipu- sipu (Lestari,2001: 2)
TL:
His pink complexion made him look
like a baby (Aveling, 2010: 13)
2. SL:
Kasur pegas yang empuk itu akhirnya
beristirahat setelah menandak – nandak beberapa jam yang lalu (Lestari,
2001:75)
TL:
The springs of luxurious mattress finally
came to rest after the beating they had taken. (Aveling, 2010:16)
In example (1)
the suffix [-nya] in the word wajahnya is translated into his in English and has a function as
pronoun. And suffix [-nya] in the
word akhirnya in example (2), is
translated into finally in English
and has function as adverbializer.
In
accordance with the translation phenomena of the different systems between the
two languages, the translation is not easy because it appears to show variations,
especially from the structure point of view.
The
background mentioned above makes me to taking up this topic especially the
translation of Indonesian suffix [-nya]
into English. Because this topic can give me clear description about how to
understand and translate suffix [-nya] into English.
1.2
Scope of discussion
According
to the background that I have mentioned above we can see a lot of problems.
Because of the limitation of my ability, I limited this research in some point
in other to avoid the discussion to be too wide. In this paper I focused my
research on the translation of Indonesian suffix [-nya] into English. The problems can be formulated in the following
questions:
1.
What are the functions of suffix [-nya]
in Indonesian?
2. What are the translations of suffix [-nya] in English found in novel
Supernova: Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang
jatuh. And it’s translated into
English the Knight, the Princess and
Falling Star?
1.3
Aims
As
a scientific paper, it should have certain aims. The aim in this paper can be
divided into three parts. They include general aim, specific aim, and academic
aim. The aims will be mentioned in the following explanation.
The general aim
is to apply the translation theory that I have learned during my study. I also
want to see how far the knowledge and the ability which has been achieved
during the process of study could be applied in a research.
The specific
aims are to know the translation of the Indonesian suffix [-nya] into English found in novel. This is also aimed at achieving
more knowledge on the functions of suffix [-nya]
in Indonesian.
Besides the
specific aims, this writing has academic aim that is to fulfill one academic
requirement to get the Sarjana (S1) degree from a university. Besides, I expect
this paper will be useful for other students who are interested in analyzing
the same topic, especially in English Department, Faculty of Letters Warmadewa
University.
1.4
Theoretical Basis
In
writing a scientific paper, the writer was obliged to follow certain
theories. This paper analyzes about the
translation of suffix [-nya] in
Indonesian into English. I apply some theories that can help me in doing the
research. In this case I applied the theory given by Larson; et al in the book
entitled The Theory of Meaning Based
Translation written by Larson (1984) as
for translation theory. They stated that:
Translation
is basically a change of form. These forms a referred to as the surface
structure of a language. In translation the form of source language is replaced
by the form of the receptor (target) language, and that translation consist of
transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language.
(Larson, 1984:3)
Besides that, I
also use the theory of suffix [-nya]
is taken from the book Indonesian
Reference Grammar by Sneddon (1996),
He states that:
This
suffix (nya) has several functions within the noun phrase. It can as third
person possessive pronoun or as a ligature before a possessive noun. (Sneddon,
1996: 150)
1.5
Method of Research
Method
is a way of doing something. It is used to solve the problems or to achieve
something. In this writing, I used several methods they were: data source, data
collection, and data analysis.
We
know, there are many references that can be used as the data source, like:
books, novels, magazine, newspaper and so on. In this research, the data were
taken from novel entitled Supernova: Kesatria,
Putri dan Bintang Jatuh by Dewi Lestari
and its translation into English
Supernova: The Knight, the Princes and Falling Star by Aveling.
Data
collection is the method in collecting the data. The data were collected
through the process of reading the novel. The relevant data were underlined and
then written down in the data list. Then, the data that have been quoted were
classified based on the topic of discussion, that is Indonesian suffix [-nya] and its translation into English.
The classified
data were analyzed descriptively by applying the theory of translation and
grammar. They are analyzed one by one based on the problems found in the data.
CHAPTER
II
RELATED
STUDIES
Before coming to
main topic, I think it is better for me to explain some points that have close
relationship to the main topic. Those points are about Indonesian suffix [-nya] and its translation English. Suffix
[-nya] it shows deferent as pronoun,
article, advebializer, and etc, when it is translated into English. The
translation that is discussed in this paper is about Indonesian into English.
All of the ideas presented in this chapter were taken from the theoretical
basis.
2.1 Morpheme
In English, the
new words can be formed by putting certain morphemes before the words,
inserting certain morphemes in the middle of the words or adding certain
morphemes after the words. The term of morpheme refers to the smallest,
individual units of the semantic content or grammatical function of which the
words are made up of. The morphemes cannot be composed into smaller units which
are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like number:
singular or plural, and tenses: present and past (Katamba, 1993: 20)
The claim that
words have structure might come as a surprise because speakers normally think
of words as indivisible unit of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that
many words are morphologically simple. For example: the, fierce, desk, eat etc cannot be segmented (i.e. divided up)
into smaller that are meaningful by themselves. It is impossible to say what
the quito part of mosquito or the –erce part of fierce means (Katamba, 1993:
19)
Morphemes are
the smallest different in the shape of word that correlates with the smallest
different in the word or sentences meaning or in grammatical structure (Katamba,
1993: 20)
Another theory
comes from Bauer in his book entitled English
Word Formation. He states that the basic units of analysis recognized in
morphology are morpheme (Bauer, 1983: 13)
2.2
Kinds of morpheme
Basically there
are two morphemes which can form a new word i.e. bound morpheme and free
morphemes.
2.2.1
Free morpheme
Roots which are
capable of standing independently are called free morphemes. For example: man,
book, tea, and sweet, bet, very. Single words like those mentioned before are
the smallest free morphemes that are capable of occurring in isolation. The
free morpheme mentioned before are examples of basic morphemes. There are
nouns, verbs, adjective, preposition, and adverbs. Such morphemes carry most of
the semantic content of utterances that is loosely defined to caver nations
like referring to individuals ( e.g.
john, mother), attributing properties ( e.g. the adjective kind, clever), describing action,
process or state (e.g. the verb: hit,
write, rest) expressing relations ( e.g. the preposition: in, on, under) and describing
circumstances like manner (e.g. kindly)
( Katamba, 1993: 41). Another statement comes from Bauer, in his book entitled English Word-Formation (1983). He states
that a morph which can occur in isolation (i.e. which can also be a word-form)
is termed a free morpheme (Bauer, 1983: 17)
2.2.2
Bound morpheme
Many roots are
incapable of occurring in isolation. They always occur in some other
word-building element attached to them. Such roots are called bound morphemes.
The examples of bound morphemes are: -mit
(permit, remit, and admit), -cieve (perceive, receive, and conceive) (Katamba, 1993: 42)
Based on English Word-Formation by Bauer (1983),
it is stated that a morph which can only occur in the word-in conjunction with
at least on other morph is termed a bound morpheme (Bauer, 1983: 17)
2.3 Affixes
An affix is a
morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes
such as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are terms are
bound morphemes. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like –y or –ed or –al or even a
number of affixes strung together like –al-s (Katamba, 1993: 44).
There are two
types according to function: derivational and inflectional. When a derivational
affix is attached to a base it changes the word to another class, that is, it
derives another class. An inflectional affix does not change the category of
the word. Most affixes in Indonesian are derivational (Sneddon, 1996: 26)
2.3.1 Prefix
Prefix is an affix attached before
a root or stem or base like re-, un-,
and in-. For example: re-make, un-kind, in-decent (Katamba,
1993: 44)
According to Sneddon,
in her book is Indonesia Reference Grammar,
prefix is:
A
prefix is attached before the base. When a prefix is discussed separately it is
indicated by a hyphen after it, such as ber-.
(Sneddon, 1996:7)
Bauer states
that the most general rule that can given for prefixes that they do not bear
primary stress and do not affect the stress of derivatives, but there are
innumerable exceptions of this. There is, however, frequently a subsidiary
stress on a prefix, and always one if the prefix consists of more than one
syllable (Bauer, 1983:123)
Here are the
examples of prefixes:
1) Renang
+ ber: berenang (Sneddon, 1996: 8)
2) Rusak
+ per: perusak (Sneddon, 1996: 8)
In example number (1) the word renang is added by prefix ber-.
It changes the function of renang
that is from noun to verb. It also happens in example number (2), the word rusak is added by prefix per-. The function also changes, that is
from adjective to noun.
2.3.2
Infix
Katamba
(1993: 44) states an infix is an affix inserted into the root itself. Infixes
are very common in English languages and infixing somewhat rare in English.
Infixation is not productive and only a limited number of infixed forms occur.
Because of this infixed forms are no longer felt by most people to contain an
affix and there are listed separately from their bases in dictionaries. The
infixes are –em, -el-, -er-. (Sneddon, 1996: 25)
1) Gigi
+ er: gerigi (Sneddon: 1996: 25)
2) Getar
+ em: gemetar (Sneddon, 1996: 25)
In example number (1) the word gerigi is derived from the word gigi and infix [–er], and the word gemetar
is derived from the word getar and
infix [–em] in example number (2).
2.3.3 Suffix
Word formation
is one of the most complicated problems in study of language. Word formation is
a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does generally cover all
possible ways of forming everything that can be called a word in particular.
The use of term word formation is of value when the rules for the formation of
the word are not identical with the rules for the information of sentence. For
the examples, I work hard and I am working hard. (Margono, 1999: 21)
Suffix
is for the formation of new words by attaching to nouns, verb and adverbs. New
words formed using the suffixes and the old words are often referred to the new
words in a language form English. The suffixes are recognized in many
languages. In the formation of the new words, the old words to which the
suffixes are attached are usually like the prefixes, the suffixes are also in
Indonesia. The suffix which is used for the transformation of a new word is
often found in written or spoken communication. Similar to a word, the suffix
which a used for the formation of a new word may also often translated into a
target language.A suffix comes after a base, indicated by hyphen before it,
such as: -an, -nya (Sneddon, 1996: 7)
According
Katamba in his book is morphology,
suffix is an affix which attached after the root, or stem or base like –ly, -er,
-ist, -ing, and –ed (Katamba,
1993:44)
As further seen in the following examples:
1) Bulan
+ an: bulanan (Sneddon, 1996: 52)
2) Hari
+ an: harian (Sneddon, 1996: 52)
In the first example, the word bulan is added by suffix –an. It changes the function of bulan that is from noun to adverb. It
also happens in example number (2), the word hari is added by suffix –an.
The function also changes, that is from noun to adverb.
2.4
Function of Suffix-nya
Suffix [-nya] also principally has its own
functions in Indonesia. According to Sneddon, suffix [-nya] can be divided into seven functions, among those: as a
possessive pronoun, object pronoun, an agentive object, a determiner,
nominalizer, an adverbializer, and indefinite number. Each function of suffix [-nya] is explained below:
2.4.1
Suffix [-nya] as possessive pronoun
Possessive
pronoun in English is described as a pronoun which shows a possessive of
something or someone. In Indonesian, suffix [-nya] can be used to show a possession, in this case as a
possession of a singular or plural person. This suffix has several functions
within the noun phrase. It can functions as third person possessive pronoun
(Sneddon, 1996: 150)
For examples:
1)
SL:
Dia menantikan Ola, suaminya.
TL: he a waited Ola, her husband (Sneddon, 1996: 158)
2) SL:
Dimana rumahnya?
TL:
Where do you live?(Literally: where is her/his house) (Sneddon, 1996: 163)
In example
above, all suffix [-nya], function as
a possessive pronoun. This suffix is attached to nouns, such as to the nouns suami, and rumah. Because its functions as possessive pronouns, it means that
all suffix [-nya] attached to the
words above show possession. Because of showing possession, so the words in
examples above can be further defined into suami
dia or suaminya, and in another
example rumah dia or rumahnya.
2.4.2
Suffix [-nya] is translated into
Object Pronoun
Suffix [-nya] functioning as object pronoun can
be gotten after noun in active sentences. It has the meaning of dia. It is translated into object
pronoun like her and him.
Example:
SL:
Narti menunggunya (Sneddon, 1996:
165)
TL:
Narti is waiting for him (Sneddon, 1996:
165)
In example above
suffix [-nya] in the word menunggunya is translated into him in target language. And if we look
at English function suffix [-nya] has
functions as object pronoun.
2.4.3
Suffix [-nya] as an Agentive Object
Suffix [-nya] functions as an agentive object
means that the [-nya] receive an
action of the object. It is usually found in passive sentences. The example of
the [-nya] which as an agentive
object is:
1) SL:
Narti ditunggunya
TL:
He is waiting for narti (Sneddon, 1996: 166)
The function of
the [-nya] in this example is an
agentive object. The [-nya] in this
sentence is placed after a passive verb like ditunggu + nya. In this case it does not have function as
possession. In the example above suffix [-nya]
is translated into he in English.
2.4.4
Suffix [-nya] as a Determiner
The [-nya] functioning as determiner means
that suffix [-nya] in this case as a
determining word, which is usually put after noun. It can also attached to the
head of noun, being translated into the.
This can occur where the noun has not been mentioned before, but is understood
within the context of the utterance (Sneddon, 1996: 150)
1)
SL:
Kalau mau makan, nasinya dilemari
TL: If you want to eat, the rice is in the pantry (Sneddon,
1996: 151)
2) SL:
Saya mau kekantor pos tetapi tidak tahu jalannya
TL:
I want to go to the post office but I don’t know the way (Sneddon, 1996: 151)
In the examples
above, all the [-nya] are used as
determiner. Determiner means the words that modify a noun. In this situation
the [-nya] does not have lexical
relation meaning with dia. The [-nya] in (1) nasinya and (2) jalanya
are determiners, the [-nya] only
functions to determine a thing expressed by the speaker.
2.4.5
Suffix [-nya] as an Adverbializer
The use of the [-nya] functioning as an adverbializer
means that suffix [-nya] is used to
form an adverbial phrase or an object complement of a sentence. The function of
suffix [-nya] as an adverb can be
seen from the sentences bellows:
SL: Rupanya dia tidak akan lulus
TL: It seems as if he will not pass (Margono, 1999: 19)
In example
above, the word rupanya is translated
into the word seems in English. Rupanya is combined with the word rupa + suffix [-nya]. In this sentences, suffix [-nya] functions as an adverbial phrase. In example above, it is used
to form adverb rupanya as
adverbializer.
2.4.6
Suffix [-nya] as Nominalizer
Nominalized
adjectives of measure only take [-nya]
obligatorily if there is no other possessor expressed. In the presence of a
first or second person possessor [-nya]
cannot occur (Sneddon, 1996: 306)
1) SL:
Beratnya sepuluh kilo.
TL: Its
weight is ten kilos (Sneddon, 1996: 306)
2) SL:
Gunung itu tingginya 2000 m
(Margono,1999:19)
TL:
The Mountain, its height is 2000 m
(Margono, 1999:19)
In example (1)
Suffix [-nya] changes the adjective which is stated by word berat into noun beratnya as nominalizer. And in example (2) suffix [-nya] changes the adjective which is
stated by word tinggi into noun tingginya as nominalizer which refers to
the noun gunung itu.
2.4.7
Suffix [-nya] as indefinite numbers
According to Sneddon
in her book entitled Indonesia Reference
Grammar, several indefinite numbers can occur as pronouns, in which case
they taken suffix[-nya] (Sneddon,1996:
175). The [-nya] functions as
indefinite numbers can be given in examples bellow:
1) SL:
Semuanya (Sneddon: 1996: 175)
TL: All of them (Sneddon: 1996: 175)
2) SL:
Seluruhnya (Sneddon: 1996: 175)
TL: All of it (Sneddon: 1996: 175)
In example (1) suffix
[-nya] indicates an indefinite number
from word semuanya and when it is
translated into English, suffix [-nya]
refers to the pronoun which is stated by pronoun them. And in example (2) suffix [-nya] shows indefinite number from word seluruh and when it is translated into English suffix [-nya] refers to the pronoun which is
expressed by pronoun it.
2.5
Definition of translation
Translation has
been defined in many ways by different writers in the field, depending on how
they view language and translation. Larson in her book entitled Meaning Based Translationstated that:
The
purpose of this text is two shows that translation consists of transferring the
meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by
going from the form of the first language to the form of a second by way of
semantic structure. (Larson, 1984: 3)
Translation is
basically a change form. This form of language refers to the word, phrase,
clause, sentences and paragraph which are spoken or written language. The form
of the source language is replaced by the form of the target language of other
words: we can say that in translating, the form is changed but not the meaning.
The meaning of
the source language is transferred into the target language, and it is done by
searching the form of the first language by the way of semantic structure. Its
meaning which is transferred must be held constant and only the forms are able
to change.
She also adds that:
Translation,
then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in
order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using
the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target
language and its cultural context. (Larson, 1984: 3)
Meaning is
important in translation. As we know that translation consists of transferring
the meaning of the source language into the target language, as a language
meaning and target language text has a target language meaning. The process of
translation can be seen from the diagram bellow:
Translation
|
Text
to be translated
|
Meaning
|
(Larson, 1984:4)
Based on the
diagram, we can say that there are three major steps in the process of
translation. Firstly, a translator needs to discover the meaning of the message
in the source language (there is a text to be translated). After he gets the
meaning, he needs to determine the meaning that related to the object that is
communicated. Finally, he needs to re-explain or re-express the meaning (the
message) in target language using the translation equivalent.
Translating
is an attempt to discover the closest nature equivalent of the SL messages in
TL in the meaning has priority over stylistic form.
Larson
(1984: 3) in her book entitled Meaning
Based Translationstated that:
“Translation, by dictionary definition,
consists of changing form one state or form to another, to run into one’s own
or another’s language (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1974)
Translation
is basically a change o form, where the form of a language refers to the actual
words, phrase, clause, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken and
written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It
is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in
speech.
Nida and Taber defined translation
as follows:
“Translating
consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in the terms of
the style. (Nida and Taber, 1969: 12)
Catford (1965:
20) in his book entitled A Linguistic
Theory and Translation stated that:
“Translating
is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent
textual material in another language (TL). Throughout his paper we make use the
observation, SL= source language, TL= target language.
The key concept
in the both definition is equivalence which should be natural or in accordance
with the context. Both definitions recognize the lack of any absolute
correspondence by “natural equivalent, Nida means that the equivalent forms
should not be “foreign” either in form or meaning, a good translation then
should read like an original. It also means that we don’t translate literally
but idiomatically (Margono, 1999: 2)
The style in the
translation whenever possible should be similar to that in the original. If not
similar in form, it should be similar in function so that, it produces similar
effect.
2.6
Types of Translation
There two main
kinds of translation. One is form based and the other meaning based. Form based
translation attempts to follow the form of the (SL) and known as literal
translation. Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the
meaning of the (SL) text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such
translation is called idiomatic translation.
2.6.1
Literal Translation
According to Larson, Literal
translations:
Although
this literal translation maybe very useful for purpose related to the study of
the source language they are of title help to speaker of the receptor language
who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal
translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value (1984: 17)
For example:
Chuava (Papua New Guinea) : koandora
Literal translation : Your name call
These literal
translations make little sense in English. The appropriate translation would be
what is your name? (Larson,1984: 17)
Literal
translation often called as word for word translation this way is usually done
by beginner in doing translation.
The result of
this translation sounds unnatural and has a little communication value because
this translation is giving priority to form whether that of words, clause, or
of sentences. This translation often becomes a bad translation because the
translator makes over the use of equivalent of the appropriate words with the
contextual meaning, so the literal choice of lexical items make the translation
sound unnatural and not easily acceptable to target language readers.
Example:
1) SL:
Who has been living?
TL:
Siapa telah sedang tinggal disana? (Margono, 1999:
4)
2) SL
: I work hard
TL: Saya bekerja keras.
(Margono, 1999: 21)
The language
above indicates that it still sounds unnatural. The grammatical item who is translated into siapa. The grammatical item has, been,
living there istranslated into telah, sedang, tinggal disana (those
indicate form in present perfect continuous). That is why this translation
sounds unnatural for the target language readers. So, the results translated by
word- for- word translation. In the example (2) the two languages above
indicates that still sounds unnatural. The grammatical item I is translated into saya, the grammatical item work is translated into bekerja, the grammatical item hard is translated into keras. Therefore we have to find a kind
of translation using the natural form of the receptor language, such a kind of
translation is called idiomatic translation.
2.6.2
Idiomatic translation
The second types
of translation are idiomatic translation, as Larson says:
Idiomatic
translation is meaning based translation which makes every effort to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the
receptor language. (Larson, 1984: 17)
Idiomatic
translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the
grammatical constructions and the choice of lexical items.
A truly
idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation work. It sounds like it
was written originally in the target language. The translator’s goal should be
to reproduce in the receptor language, a text which communicates the same
messages as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical
choice of the receptor language and the translator’s goal is an idiomatic
translation.
Example:
1) SL:
Who has been living there?
TL: Selama ini
siapa yang tinggal disana? (Margono, 1999: 4)
On the example
above, it can be seen there is change of structure. The phrase selama iniis the additional phrase. The
result is the whole translation is well acceptable and has a good sense for the
target readers.
Another example
of idiomatic translation can be seen on example bellow:
1) SL:
She died of a broken heart
TL: Dia meninggal karena
sedih (Margono, 1999: 3)
On the
translation, the phrase a broken is
not translated in to word for word but into word sedih. The translation in the TL does not change the messages is
the SL. The sentence at the first text is translated into patah hati, this translation is acceptable if does not reduce its
meaning message.
And another example
of idiomatic translation can be seen on example bellow:
Examples:
1) Literal
English: Madame Odette, Passenger with destination is Douala, is demanded on
the telephone.
This English version is a literal
translation of the French
2) French:
Madame Odette, passages a destination de Douala, estdemandééAutelephone
An idiomatic translation into
English would be:
1) Idiomatic
English:MsOdete, passenger for Douala, you are wanted on the phone (Larson,
1984: 17- 18)
Based on Margono
in his book entitled Essentials of Theory
and Practice of Translation, there are some types of translation:
a. Morpheme-by-morpheme
translation
English
|
Who
|
Has
|
He
|
Been
|
Live-
|
-ing
|
With
|
Indonesia
|
Penanya orang
|
Kata bantu aspek
perfect
|
Personal tunggal
maskulin
|
Past participle Be
|
Hidup
|
sedang
|
Dengan
|
Lexical
morpheme (in this example livetranslated
into hidup) in the translation is
presented differently from grammatical morphemes. In this case, since morpheme
may most probably have no corresponding form receptor language, morphemes is
often given explanation about its function rather than its equivalent in the
receptor language. We are here not corrected with translation in the normal
sense of the word; it is termed “gloss”
b. Word-by-word
translation
English
|
Who
|
Has
|
He
|
Been
|
Living
|
With
|
Indonesia
|
Siapa
|
Telah
|
Dia
|
Tinggal
|
Dengan
|
If it has not
corresponding form, a word maybe left untranslated (e.g. been in the example)
c. Sentence-by-sentence
translation
English
|
Who
has he been living with?
|
Indonesia
|
Dengan
siapa dia tinggal?
|
A
sentence is here considered as a unit of grammatical structure, not as a text.
As it is without contexts, it often cannot be translated satisfactory.
d. Contextual
translation
This is type of
translation that we are mostly concerned with, and which we talk about this
paper.
Relating to its
context a possible translation might be like this:
English
|
Who has he been
living with?
|
Indonesia
|
Selama ini
dengan siapa dia tinggal disana?
|
To make the
sentence fit the context better we can, for example add selama ini to the beginning of the sentence and di sana to the end of the sentence.
We don’t talk
about what is called tafsiran or saudara because in this case personal ideas of the
translator is given too much freedom, while in translation as we mean it the
translator should not put in his ideas.
2.7
Process of Translation
According
to Margono, in his Essential ofTheory and
Practice of Translation(1994:14), he states that:
“The translation
first analyzes the massages of the source language into its (basic clauses),
transfer it to the receptor language, then restructure the messages to receptor
language in the way most appropriate for the audience the translation is
intended for.
The
multi-stage process can occur quickly, and the translator may not be aware of
it, but all the same a careful translator will perform such a process
The
process can be presented in the diagram bellow:
Source
Language
|
Receptor
Language
|
Analysis
|
Restructuring
|
Transfer
|
The
process of analysis may consist of:
(a) Analyzing
grammatical relationship between constituent parts.
(b) Identify
the meanings of the semantic units.
(c) Finding
the connotative meanings of the grammatical structures and semantic units.
For
example, it is a translation from English as the source language into
Indonesian as target language.
SL : The Balinese themselves are drawn to
exhibition of trance and find them as interesting as the tourist (Margono,
1999:14).
TL : Pertunjukantarian yang penarinya mengalami
kerauhandikunjungi banyak penonton, termasuk wisatawan asing dan orang Bali
sendiri. Pertunjukan itu samamenariknya bagi wisatawan maupun orang Bali
(Margono, 1999:14).
In
the example above, the original meaning is not changed when translating the
source language text into target language text. As we see above, almost all of
the meanings in the source language text are translated again in the target
language.
2.8 Definition of
Translation Shifts
Translation
shifts is a changing of form when it is translated from the source language
into target language. Catford, in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation explains a translation shifts
definition and concept. He states that:
By
‘shifts’ we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going
from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965:73).
Further, Catford states the
relationship between translation shifts and formal correspondence. He also
divides translation shifts into two major types. He states that “two major
types of ‘shift’ occur; they are level
shifts and category shifts”
(Catford, 1965:73)
2.8.1 Level Shifts
In A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Catford states that level shift
is:
By
shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level (Catford, 1965:73).
Then, he states that by level shift
means a shift from grammar to lexis; and here are the examples.
Examples:
1) SL: I am working hard.
TL: Saya
sedang bekerja keras (Margono, 1999:21).
2) SL: I have worked hard.
TL: Saya
sudah bekerja keras (Margono,
1999:21).
From
the text in the source language (SL) above, it is found that the grammatical
item tobe + -ing (pattern of English Present Continuous Tense) in the
source language is translated into sedang
in the target language. So the level shift departure occurs in that translation
is indicated by grammar in the source language is translated into lexis in the
target language.
Level
shift also happens in the example (2) because the forms have +Perfect Tense marker (pattern of
English Present) in the SL is translated into SL by using the lexis sudah.
2.8.2 Category Shifts
According
to Catford, the second type of translation shifts is category shift. Catford
defines that:
Category
shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation (Catford,
1965:76).
It
means that category shifts are related with formal correspondence and Catford
also states about this formal correspondence as follows:
A
formal correspondence is any Target Language (TL) category which may be said to
occupy as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the economy of the Target
Language (TL) as the given source language (SL) category occupies in the source
language (SL). (Catford, 1965: 32)
He explains that in grammar, for
example: structure-shifts can occur at all ranks. It has a large part in the
translation shifts that may happen.
In
order to understand more about category shifts, it should tell about the
classification of category shifts. The category shift is divided into four,
they are: structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra system shift
(Catford, 1965:76). Further explanation about them will be given on next subs.
2.8.2.1 Structure
Shifts
The most frequent category shift
that occurs in translation is structure shift. It occurs at all rank in
translation. It occurs in phonological and graph logical translation as well as
in total translation. (Catford, 1965: 6)
According
to Catford’s concept about structure, it is said that:
A
structure is an arrangement of elements (subject, predicator, object, and
complement, adjunct) (Catford, 1965: 6).
Structure shifts is indicated by a
situation when there are two languages which have different element of
structure. Besides, the source language and target language should have formal
correspondence.
Examples:
1) SL: I
wash myself.
S V O
TL: Saya
mandi (Margono,
1999:20).
S P
2) SL: The
book is on the table.
M
H
TL: Buku
itu ada di atas meja (Erhans,
2007:154).
H
M
In the example above, it can be
found that the SL has different structure of sentence level and phrase level in
TL. In the example (1) the source language has sentence structure I (S), wash (V) and myself (O).
Its translation has different sentence structure in the target language, that
is saya (S) and mandi (P). From its translation, it can be seen that one element
that is object myself in the source
language is not translated in target language.
In example number (2) it is found
that the translation has different structure of phrase from the the book into buku itu. The phrase the book
in the source language consists of Modifier-Head (MH) pattern, modifier the and head book. It is translated into buku
itu, which consists of Head-Modifier (HM) pattern; head buku and modifier itu.
2.8.2.2 Class Shifts
Class
shift, as explained by Catford, is a shift that occurs when the translation
equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.
It means that SL has different class with TL (Catford, 1965:78).
A shift of class can happen from a
noun into adjective, verbs into adjectives etc. To simplify the illustration of
each word classes, we may explore the explanations of word classes by Quirk in
his book entitle A University Grammar of
English as follow.
Classes of word in English are
adjective, adverb, noun, pronoun, and verb. Adjective
is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. We can identify a word is an
adjective by considering what inflections or affixes it will allow. Adjective
can be modified by the intensifier ‘very’, as in the example “The children are very happy” (Quirk, 1973:114). Adjective
also shows comparative and superlative form, The children are happier now as an example (Quirk, 1973:115).
Adjective functions as attributive, as show in the example The beautiful painting (Quirk, 1973:115). Adjective functions as
object complement, for example: He pulled
his belt tight (Quirk, 1973:115). And adjective also functions as head of
noun phrase, as like in the following example The extremely old need a great deal of attention (Quirk, 1973:118).
Adverb is a word or group of words that
describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a
whole sentence. The most characteristic of the adverb is morphological: the
majority of the adverbs have the derivational suffix “-ly”. Adverb has two characteristics (function); those are Adverbs functions as adverbial, can be
seen from the example He spoke to me
about it briefly. The second function is Adverb as modifier of adjective and adverb, which can be seen from
the examples (a) She has a really
beautiful face, and (b) They are
smoking very heavily (adverb as intensifier) (Quirk, 1973:125-127).
Noun
is a word or group of words that refers to a person, a place, a thing or
activity, or a quality or an idea. Noun can be divided into two subclasses;
they are Count Noun and Non-Count Noun. Count noun means the
noun which must be seen as individual countable entities and cannot be viewed
as an undifferentiated mass (such as: chair, word, finger, remark). And
Non-Count Noun means the noun which must be seen group of things as an
undifferentiated mass or continuum (such as: grass, warmth, humor). Basically,
the noun is also as the noun phrase that functions as subject, object,
complement of the sentence, and as complement in prepositional phrase. For
example: The girl is Mary Smith
(Quirk, 1973:59), the girl functions
as a subject.
Pronoun
is a word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Pronoun constitutes a
heterogeneous class of items with numerous subclasses, like: they, we, I, you,
he, she, it, his, her, them, itself, himself, this, that.
Verb
is the element of sentence that expresses or describes an action, an event,
experience, or a state which is performed by the subject and it stands before
object. One example of verb is grew in
His brother grew happier gradually
(Quirk, 1973:12). The word grew in
the example above is a verb; the word here can be said as a verb because it
states an action of the subject.
Here
is the example of class shift:
Example:
SL: mereka
berkerja dengan lambat. (Sneddon,
1996: 336).
TL: they
working slowly
From
the example above, the source language is Indonesian and the target language is
English. In the example (1), the word lambat
in the source language functions as an adjective; and the word slowly in the target language functions
as a verb. So, the translation equivalent of the adjective lambat in the source language is the verb sadar in the target language.
2.8.2.3 Unit/rank
Shifts
Catford defines unit shift as a
change of rank, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent
of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL
(Catford, 1965:79).
Unit shift as a change of rank may
happen from word to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Oxford
dictionary defines word as a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning
and forms an independent unit of a language (Oxford Dictionary: 1374). Whereas
Longman Dictionary defines it as the smallest unit of spoken language which has
meaning and can stand alone, such as: good, goodness (Longman Dictionary:
1213).
Phrase by Oxford dictionary is
defined as a group of words without a verb, especially one that forms part of
sentence: The green car and a half past four are phrases (Oxford
dictionary: 868). Both phrases in examples above have a higher position
(unit/rank) than word.
A shift of unit can happen from word
to phrase, phrase to word or phrase to clause. Here are examples of unit
shifts:
Examples:
1) SL: Your
watch is very sophisticated.
TL: Jam tangan anda sangat canggih (Margono,
1999: 6).
2) SL:
There is an exhibition.
TL: Ada pertunjukan(Margono, 1999:15).
In the example (1), it is found that
a unit shift in translation shows a change of rank. As we see, the word watch (in lower rank) in the source
language is translated into a phrase jam
tangan (in higher rank) in the target language.
Unit shift is also found in the
second example, the noun phrase an
exhibition (higher rank) in source language is translated into a word pertunjukan which is a part of the lower
rank in the target language.
2.8.2.4 Intra-system
Shifts
Intra-system shift is the shift
occurs internally, within a system: that is, for those cases where SL and TL
possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their
constitution, but it does not occurs when translation involves the selection of
a non-corresponding term in the TL system (Catford, 1965:80). Moreover, in each
language, the system is one of two terms, they are ‘singular’ and ‘plural’ and
these terms are also regarded as formally corresponding.
Redefining
Textual Equivalence in Translation (1998) is a book written by Machali
which contains statements about intra-system shift. He states that intra-system
shift is used to indicate the shift that occurs internally within the system of
the language concerned, which involves a selection of a non-corresponding word
in the target language system. Below are the examples of intra-system shift:
Examples:
1) SL: Balinese
people go to the exhibition.
TL: Orang Bali menonton pertunjukan itu.
(Margono, 1999:15)
2) SL: Tourists pay attention to the
exhibition.
TL: Wisatawan menaruh perhatian kepada
pertunjukan itu. (Margono, 1999:15)
From both examples, it can be found
that there are departures from the source language into target language. There
is a corresponding plural form for people
through a repetition of the word orang
(orang-orang) in Indonesian, but the
Indonesian language system shown it in a singular form orang. It also has a corresponding plural form for tourists through a repetition of the
word wisatawan (wisatawan-wisatawan) or using additional word para + wisatawan in
Indonesian, but the system of Indonesian
language is still shown it in a singular form wisatawan.
CHAPTER
III
THE
ANALYSIS
In chapter I and
II, I have discussed and presented the definitions and functions of suffix [-nya], and several definitions of
translation. I have also presented many kinds of translation of suffix [-nya]. As having been presented
previously, the data were taken from a bilingual novel, entitled Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh by Dewi Lestari and its translation into English The Knight, the Princes and Falling Star by Aveling.
In relation to
the topic of this research, that is about suffix [-nya] and its translation into English, it is found that suffix [-nya] can be attached with various word
classes, and it is variously translated into English. They can be seen in the
following sub-chapters.
3.1
Suffix [-nya] as possessive pronoun
is translated into His, Her, and Their
Suffix [-nya] is a possessive pronoun of a
singular or plural person. This suffix [-nya]
has several functions within the noun phrase. It can function as third person
possessive pronoun. Suffix [-nya] as
a possessive pronoun is translated into his,
her, and their
3.1.1
Suffix [-nya] is Translated into His
Suffix [-nya] as possessive shows the possession
of the singular or plural and is translated into his. Suffix [-nya] in
example below refers to third person singular.
Examples:
1) SL:
Wajahnya yang manis membuat ia tampak
tersipu-sipu (Lestari, 2001: 2)
TL:
His pink complexion made him look
like a baby (Aveling, 2010: 13)
2) SL:
Perlahan Ruben mengangkat kedua tangannya
(Lestari, 2001: 7)
TL:
Ruben cautiously raised his hands
(Aveling, 2010: 16)
3) SL:
Fisiknya adalah gambar proyeksi
semata (Lestari, 2001: 7)
TL:
His body was nothing more than
projected image (Aveling, 2010: 16)
4) SL:
Inspirassi halus yang hinggap disukmanya telah
mengaplifikasi seluruh system pemahaman yang ia miliki (Lestari, 2001: 7)
TL:
A subtle insight settled in his soul
and amplified……. (Aveling, 2010: 16)
5) SL:
Dimas tidak langsung menjawab, dengan tawa lebar ia mengluarkan sesuatu dari
tasnya. Sebuah buku cerita anak- anak
kumal dengan sampul plastik keruh (Lestari,2001:58)
TL:
Without saying a word, Dhimas took an old comic book from his briefcase. Despite its faded cover (Aveling, 2010:)
In example
number (1) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word wajahnya which carries
possessive meaning. Wajahnya comes
from the base wajah and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. Thus wajahnya
means his pink. If we look at the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation we can see that suffix [-nya] is translated into possessive
pronoun his. In this sentence there
is unit shift from the word wajahnya
which consists of single word is translated into his pink in English which is a phrase.
If we look at
the translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive adjective his pink. We can see that his
in English also expresses possessive and followed by adjective pink. We can also state here that the
translator uses idiomatic translation in translating the suffix [-nya] into target language he translated
based on the context in the source language.
In example
number (2) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word tangannya which shows
possessive meaning. Tangannya comes
from the base tangan and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And tangannya
means his hand. From the syntactic
function, [-nya] functions as suffix
and in English translation the word Tangannya
is translated into his hands. So
suffix [-nya] in the source language
is translated into possessive pronoun his.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word tangannya which consists of single word is translated into his hands in English which a phrase
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun his hands. And we can see also that his in English also expresses possessive and the base is noun hands. We can also state here that the
translator uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning
of word.
The same case is
happened in example (3) there is suffix [-nya]
in the word fisiknya which explain
possessive meaning. fisiknya comes
from the base fisik and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And fisiknya
means his body. At the syntactic
function, [-nya] functions as suffix
and if we look at its English translation the word fisiknya is translated into his
body. So suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun his. In this sentence there is unit shift from the word fisiknya which consists of single word
is translated into his hands in
English which is a phrase.
And in the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun his body. And we can see also that his in English also expresses possessive and the base is noun body. We can also state here that the
translator uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning
of word.
In example
number (4) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word sukmanya which shows
possessive meaning. Sukmanya comes
from the base sukma and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And sukmanya
means his soul. If we look at the syntactic
function, [-nya] functions as suffix
and in its translation in English the word sukmanya
is translated into his soul. So
suffix [-nya] in the source language
is translated into possessive pronoun his.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word sukmanya which consists of single word is translated into his soul in English which is a phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun his soul. And we can see also that his in English also expresses possessive and the base is noun soul. We can also state here that the
translator uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning
of word.
In example
number (5) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word tasnya which shows
possessive meaning. Tasnya comes from
the base tas and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And tasnya means his briefcase. If we look at the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word tasnya is translated into his briefcase. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun his.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word tasnya which consists of single word is translated into his briefcase in English which is
phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun his briefcase. And we can see also that his in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun briefcase.
We can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
3.1.2
Suffix [-nya] is Translated into Her
Suffix [-nya] is as possessive shows the
possession of the singular or plural is translated into her. Suffix [-nya] in
this example below refer to third person singular.
Examples:
1) SL:
Jelaslah ia tak akan bisa menghubungi Rana keponselnya, apalagi rumahnya ( Lestari, 2001: 24)
TL:
Obviously he couldn’t ring her, not on her
cell phone, not at home (Aveling, 2010: 28)
2) SL:
Rana” Suaranya bergetar. Perlahan ia
mengeluarkan peralatannya, buku catatan…..(Lestari, 2001: 30)
TL:
I’m Rana she replied. Her voice
quivered. Slowly she set out her equipment, a not book….. (Aveling, 2010: 32)
3) SL:
Hari ini, Rana berulang tahun. Sementara suaminya kontraktor yang sedang mengerjakan proyek masjid raya di
Surabaya………(Lestari, 2001: 150)
TL:
Today was Rana’s birthday. Her husband
was overseeing the building of a mosque in Surabaya………… (Aveling, 2010: 121)
4) SL:
Bahkan alat perekamnya belum
dinyalakan (Lestari, 2001: 32)
TL:
She had not even turned on her tape
recorder (Aveling, 2010: 33)
5) SL:
Aku jemput pukul tujuh?” Suaminya Arwin
berkata (Lestari, 2001: 48)
TL:
I’ll pick you up at seven OK?” Asked Arwin, her
husband (Aveling, 2010: 45)
In example
number (1) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word ponselnya which carries
possessive meaning. Ponselnya comes
from the base ponsel and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. Thus ponselnya
means her cell phone. If we look at
the syntactic function, [-nya]
functions as suffix and if we look at its English translation we can see that
suffix [-nya] is translated into
possessive pronoun her. In this
sentence there is unit shift from the word ponselnya
which consists of single word is translated into her cell phone in English which is a phrase.
If we look at
the translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive adjective her cell phone. We can see that her
in English also expresses possessive and followed by noun cell phone. We can also state here that the translator uses
idiomatic translation in translating the suffix [-nya] into target language he translated based on the context in the
source language.
In example
number (2) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word suaranya which shows
possessive meaning. Suaranya comes
from the base suara and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And suaranya
means her voice. If we look at the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word suaranya is translated into her voice. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun her.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word suaranya which consists of single word is translated into her voice in English which is phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun her voice. And we can see also that her in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun voice. We
can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
We look at
example (3) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word suaminya which shows
possessive meaning. Suaminya comes
from the base suami and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as possessive
pronoun. And suaminya means her husband. If we look at the syntactic
function, [-nya] functions as suffix
and if we look at its English translation the word suaminya is translated into her
husband. So suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun her. In this sentence there is unit shift from the word suaminya which consists of single word
is translated into her husband in
English which is phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun her husband. And we can see also that her in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun husband. We
can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
There is suffix [-nya] in example (4) in the word perekamnya which shows possessive
meaning. Perekamnya comes from the
base perekam and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And perekamnya
means her tape recorder. If we look
at the syntactic function, [-nya]
functions as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word perekamnya is translated into her tape recorder. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun her.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word perekamnya which consists of single word is translated into her tape recorder in English which is a
phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun her tape recorder. And we can see also that her in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun tape
recorder. We can also state here that the translator uses literal translation because it is translated based on
meaning of word.
The same case
happens in example number (5) there is suffix [-nya] in the word suaminya
which shows possessive meaning. Suaminya comes
from the base suami and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And suaminya
means her husband. If we look at the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word suaminya is translated into her husband. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun her.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word suaminya which consists of single word is translated into her husband in English which is a
phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun her husband. And we can see also that her in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun husband. We
can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
3.1.3
Suffix[-nya] is Translated into Their
Suffix [-nya] is as possessive shows the
possession of the singular or plural is translated into their. Because suffix [-nya] in example bellow refers to third
person plural.
Examples:
1) SL:
Mendekatkan mereka pada impiannya saja.
Itu saja (Lestari, 2001:32)
TL:
Bring them closer to their fantasies.
That’s all (Aveling, 2010: 33)
2) SL:
Kamu tahu kalau orang-orang yang sedang bermeditasi itu kadar serotonim diotaknya langsung meningkat (Lestari, 2001:
8)
TL:
Do you know that people who meditate are simply building up serotonin in their brains (Aveling, 2010: 17)
3) SL:
Individu selalu dibangun oleh lingkungannya,
bukan begitu? (Lestari, 2001: 17)
TL:
Individuals are always shaped be their society,
aren’t they? (Aveling, 2010: 23)
4) SL:
Satu – satunya yang layak didagangkan jadi Cuma fisiknya. (Lestari, 2001: 68)
TL:
The only thing they can sell is their body.
(Aveling, 2010: 61)
In example
number (1) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word impiannya which carries possessive
meaning. Impiannya comes from the
base impian and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. Thus impiannya
means their fantasies. In the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation we can see that suffix [-nya] is translated into possessive
pronoun their. In this sentence there
is unit shift from the word impiannya
which consists of single word is translated into their fantasies in English which is a phrase
If we look at
the translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun their fantasies. We can see that their in English also expresses possessive and followed by noun fantasies. We can also state here that
the translator uses idiomatic translation in translating the suffix [-nya] into target language he translated
based on the context in the source language.
We look at
example (2) there is suffix [-nya] in
the word otaknya which shows
possessive meaning. Otaknya comes
from the base otak and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And otaknya means
their brains. And if we look at the
syntactic function, [-nya] functions
as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word otaknya is translated into their brains. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun their.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word otaknya which consists of single word is translated into their brains in English which is a
phrase.
From the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun their brains. And we can see also that their in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun brains. We
can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
In example (3) there
is suffix [-nya] in the word lingkungannya which explain possessive
meaning. Lingkungannya comes from the
base lingkungan and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix
[-nya] here has function as
possessive pronoun. And lingkungannya
means their society. If we look at
the syntactic function, [-nya]
functions as suffix and if we look at its English translation the word lingkungannya is translated into their society. So suffix [-nya] in the source language is
translated into possessive pronoun their.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word lingkungannya which consists of single word is translated into their society in English which is a
phrase.
And in the
translation, suffix [-nya] in the
source language is translated into possessive pronoun their society. And we can see also that heir in English also expresses
possessive and the base is noun society. We
can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
And in example (4)
there is suffix [-nya] in the word fisiknya which shows possessive meaning.
Fisiknya comes from the base fisik and suffix [-nya], the base here is a noun and suffix [-nya] here has function as possessive pronoun. And fisiknya means their body. If we look at the syntactic function, [-nya] functions as suffix and if we look
at its English translation the word fisiknya
is translated into their body. So
suffix [-nya] in the source language
is translated into possessive pronoun their.
In this sentence there is unit shift from the word fisiknya which consists of single word is translated into their body in English which is a phrase
In translation,
suffix [-nya] in the source language
is translated into possessive pronoun their
body. And we can see also that their
in English also expresses possessive and the
base is noun body. We can also state
here that the translator uses literal
translation because it is translated based on meaning of word.
3.2
Suffix[-nya] is translated into Object Pronoun
Suffix [-nya] functioning as object pronoun can
be gotten after noun in active sentences. It has the meaning of dia. It is translated into object
pronoun like her, him etc.
Examples:
1) SL:
“Mbak Diva” seorang perempuan dengan kartu panitia tergantung di leher menyambutnya. (Lestari, 2001: 82)
TL:”
Diva darling”. A woman with an AID card dangling around her neck rushed to meet
her. (Aveling, 2010: 70)
2) SL:
Diva sudah kenal beberapa penjual yang mengizinkannya duduk di balai- balai kecil mereka.(Lestari, 2001:162)
TL:
Diva knew some of the sellers well and they allowed her to sit on their wooden benches (Aveling, 2010: 128)
3) SL:
Hanya saat seperti ini yang mampu menggerakkannya (Lestari, 2001:163)
TL:
Moments like this could move her to
prayer (Aveling, 2010: 129)
4) SL:
Sepuluh tahun berlalu, dan senyum itu tetap sama. Senyum yang mengantarkannya naik ke podium …….(Lestari, 2001:13)
TL:
Ten years had passed and the smile was still there: the proud smile that had
tracked him on the podium………
(Aveling, 2010:21)
5) SL:
Kesatria memohon pada angin. Angin mengajarinya
berkeliling mengitari bumi, lebih tinggi dari gunung dan awan (Lestari,
2001:36)
TL:
He asked the wind to teach him to fly. The wind taught him to fly around the world, to fly over the mountains and above
the clouds (Aveling, 2010:36)
Example number
(1) suffix [-nya] in the word menyambutnya is translated into her. The [-nya] in this case functions as object pronoun which has the meaning
dia. So suffix [-nya] becomes object pronoun dia.
It can be gotten after noun leher. In
this sentence there is unit shift from the word menyambutnya which consists of single word is translated into meet her in English which is a phrase.
When it is translated into English suffix [-nya] in the word menyambutnya it translated into meet her. The [-nya] in this case functions as object pronoun which is stated by
word her it can be gotten after noun her neck. So, we can state here that the translator
uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language because it is translated based on
meaning of word.
We can see
suffix [-nya] in example number (2)
in the word mengizinkannya is
translated into her. Suffix [-nya] in this case functions as object
pronoun which has the meaning dia. So
suffix [-nya] becomes object pronoun dia. It can be gotten after noun beberapa penjual. In this sentence there
is unit shift from the word mengizinkanya
which consists of single word is translated into allowed her in English which is a phrase. When it is translated
into English suffix [-nya] in the word mengizinkannya
it translated into allowed her. The
[-nya] in this case functions as
object pronoun which is stated by word her
it can be gotten after noun they. So, we can state here that the translator
uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language because it is translated based on
meaning of word.
In example
number (3) it can be found that suffix [-nya]
in the word mengantarkannya is
translated into him. The [-nya] in this case functions as object
pronoun which has the meaning dia. So
suffix [-nya] becomes object pronoun dia. It can be gotten after noun senyum. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word mengantarkannya
which consists of single word is translated into tracked him in English which a phrase. When it is translated into
English suffix [-nya] in the word mengantarkannya
it translated into tracked him. The
[-nya] in this case functions as
object pronoun which is stated by word him
it can be gotten after noun the proud
smile. So, we can state here that
the translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language because it
is translated based on meaning of word.
If we look at
the source language in example number (4) suffix [-nya] in the word mengajarinya
is translated into him. The [-nya] in this case functions as object
pronoun which has the meaning dia. So
suffix [-nya] becomes object pronoun dia. It can be gotten after noun angin. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word mengajarinya
which consists of single word is translated into taught him in English which is a phrase. When it is translated into
English suffix [-nya] in the word mengajarinya
it translated into taught him. The [-nya] in this case functions as object
pronoun which is stated by word him it
can be gotten after noun the wind. So, we can state here that the translator
uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language because it is translated based on
meaning of word.
3.3
Suffix[-nya] as Indicator of Definiteness is Translated
into Article The
The function of
suffix [-nya] as an indicator of
definiteness is put after preposition which explain about what the speaker feel
and see. Suffix [-nya] in this case
is translated into article the.
Examples:
1) SL:
Sesosok putri cantik yang kesepian bersinar bagaikan gugus orion ditengah kelamnya galaksi (Lestari, 2001: 37)
TL:
The beauty of the lonely princess. The princess shone like Andromeda in the darkness of outer space (Aveling,
2010: 36)
2) SL:
Yang artinya lagi (dan lagi), apa yang anda ingin cari tidak berada di luar
sana. Sebaliknya, sangat dekat, tak
berjarak (Lestari, 2001:195)
TL:
This means yet again (and again) that what we are seeking does not exist
outside ourselves. On the contrary,
it is very close (Aveling, 2010: 151)
In example
number (1) in the word kelamnya,
suffix [-nya] functions as indicator
of definiteness. It is put after preposition ditengah. Kelamnya in the
source language is translated into the
darkness in the target language. Suffix [-nya] as an indicator of definiteness which is found in the word kelamnya here is comparable with the
English the. So, we can state here
that the translator uses idiomatic translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning. In this sentence there is unit shift from the
word kelamnya which consists of single
word is translated into the darkness
in English which is a phrase.
In example
number (2) in the word sebaliknya,
suffix [-nya] functions as indicator
of definiteness It is put after preposition diluar
sana. Sebaliknya in the source
language is translated into the contrary
in the target language. Suffix [-nya]
as an indicator of definiteness which is found in the word sebaliknya here is comparable with the English the. So, we can state here that the translator uses idiomatic
translation in translating suffix [-nya]
into the target language. It is translated based on the meaning. In this
sentence there is unit shift from the word sebaliknya
which consists of single word is translated into the contrary in English which is a phrase.
3.4
Suffix[-nya] as Agentive Object is Translated She and He
The [-nya] as agentive object means the [-nya] as the agent of the action. The
meaning of the [-nya] here is dia.
The [-nya] in this case is translated
into she and he.
Examples:
1) SL:
Tawa Re langsung punah. Dengan penuh kesadaran, pelan- pelan ditutupnya
pintu kamar mandi itu (Lestari, 2001:146)
TL:
Ferre’s laughter vanished. Deliberately, he
closed the bathroom door (Aveling, 2010: 119)
2) SL:
Saya belum terlambat, kan? Tanyanya setengah
panik (Lestari, 2001:29)
TL:
“I’m not too late, am I? She asked
Ferre’s secretary with panic (Aveling, 2010: 32)
3) SL:
“Rana,” panggilnya lembut (Lestar,
20001: 54)
TL:
“Rana,” he called softly (Aveling,
2010: 49)
4) SL:
“ Manusia- manusia malang,” ujarnya berseri-
seri (Lestari, 2001: 57)
TL:
“The miserable wretches, he said with
delight. (Aveling, 2010: 52)
5) SL:”Ada
apa? Komputernya mati? Belum di- save?” tanyanya panik (Lestari, 2001: 132)
TL:
“What’s wrong?’ he asked in a panic.
“ Has the computer died? Did you forget to save something? (Aveling, 2010:108)
If we look at
the source language in example (1) we found suffix [-nya] in the word ditutupnya.
Ditutupnya here means ditutup oleh
dia. So the [-nya] here is showed
by agentive object dia. In this
sentences ditutupnya is translated
into he closed in target language. And in this sentence he becomes agent of the action. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word ditutupnya which
consists of single word is translated into he
closed in English which is a phrase. So the [-nya] becomes subject pronoun he.
We can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word.
In example
number (2) suffix [-nya] in the word tanyanya. Tanyanya here means ditanya oleh dia. So the [-nya] here is showed by agentive object dia. In this sentence tanyanya is translated into she in target language. And in this
sentence she becomes agent of the
action. In this sentence there is unit shift from the word tanyanya which consists of single word is translated into she asked in English which is a phrase.
So the [-nya] becomes subject pronoun
she. We can state here that the
translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning of word.
If we look at
the example number (3) we found suffix [-nya]
in the word panggilnya. Panggilnya here
means dipanggil oleh dia. So the [-nya] here is showed by agentive object dia. In this sentences panggailnya is translated into he called in target language. And in this sentence he becomes agent of the action. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word ditutupnya which
consists of single word is translated into he
called in English which is a phrase. So the [-nya] becomes subject pronoun he.
We can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word.
In example
number (4) we found suffix [-nya] in
the word ujarnya. Ujarnya here means dikatakan oleh dia. So the [-nya] here is showed by agentive object dia. In this sentences ujarnya is translated into he said in target language. And in this sentence he becomes the agent of the action. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word ujarnya which
consists of single word is translated into he
said in English which is a phrase. So the [-nya] becomes subject pronoun he.
We can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word.
In example
number (5) we found suffix [-nya] in
the word tanyanya. Tanyanya here
means ditanya oleh dia. So the [-nya] here is showed by agentive object dia. In this sentences tanyanya is translated into he asked in target language. And in this sentence he becomes agent of the action. In this sentence there is unit
shift from the word tanyanya which
consists of single word is translated into he
asked in English which is a phrase. So the [-nya] becomes subject pronoun he.
We can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word.
3.5
Suffix[-nya] as Determiner is translated into
article The
As a determiner,
the function of suffix [-nya] is
usually followed by noun. The [-nya]
in this case is comparable to English the
Examples:
1) SL:
“Artikelnya sudah berbulan-bulan yang
lalu dimuat. Aku harus melihat mereka beduaan tiga hari yang lalu…..(Lestari,
2001: 154)
TL:
“the article appeared months ago. I
saw them together two or three days ago (Aveling, 2010: 123)
2) SL:
Kalau saja ceritanya lain, Re yakin
malam ini ia dan Rana akan dinobatkan menjadi pasangan dengan jalan paling
terseret…..(Lestari, 2001:165)
TL:
Had the story been different, Ferre’
was sure that he and Rana would have won first prize for the way they walked (Aveling,
2010: 131)
3) SL:
Kemerdekaan itu kuncinya (Lestari,
2001:113)
TL:
That’s the key (Aveling, 2010: 93)
4) SL:
Kalau kesatria tidak mampu mendarat tepat di putrinya ia akan mati (Lestari, 2001: 36)
TL:
If the knight couldn’t land right in front of the princess he would surely die (Aveling, 2010: 37)
In example
number (1) we find suffix [-nya]
which functions as determiner because it is followed by the noun article when it is translated into
English, the word artikelnya is
translated into the article in the
target language. If we look at its English translation we can see that suffix [-nya] is translated into the. So, we can state here that the
translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning of word. In this sentence there is unit shift
from the word artikelnya which
consists of single word is translated into the
article in English which is phrase.
We also find
suffix [-nya] which functions as
determiner because it is followed by the noun story when it is translated into English in example number (2). In
the word ceritanya is translated into
the story in the target language, and
if we look at its English translation we can see that suffix [-nya] is translated into the. The
here determines about something that has been discussed. We can also state here
that the translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning of word. In this sentence there is unit shift
from the word ceritanya which
consists of single word is translated into the
story in English which is a phrase
Suffix [-nya] which functions as determiner because
it is followed by the noun key when
it is translated into English, it is also found in example number that (3) we
can see it in the word kuncinya
translated into the key in the target
language. If we look at its English translation are can see that suffix [-nya] is translated into the. We can also state here that the translator
uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is translated it based on the
meaning of word. In this sentence there is unit shift from the word kuncinya which consists of single word
is translated into the key in English
which is a phrase
And in the last
example we also find suffix [-nya]
which functions as determiner because it is followed by the noun princess when it is translated into
English. In the word putrinya is
translated into the princess in the
target language, and if we look at its English translation we can see that
suffix [-nya] is translated into the. The
here determines about something that has been discussed. We can also state here
that the translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning of word. In this sentence there is unit shift
from the word putrinya which consists
of single word is translated into the
princess in English which is a phrase
3.6
The
translation of [-nya] as
Adverbializer
Suffix [-nya] functioning as adverbializer means
that the suffix [-nya] is used to
form an adverbial phrase or object complement, such as adverb of manner.
Examples:
1) SL:
Saking bersinarnya mukamu, semua
orang disini sampai silau” (Lestari, 2001: 109)
TL:
But your face is shining so brightly,
you could dazzle us all (Aveling, 2010:
90)
2) SL:
Kasur pegas yang empuk itu akhirnya
beristirahat setelah menandak- nandak beberapa jam yang lalu (Lestari, 2001:75)
TL:
The springs of the luxurious mattress finally
came to rest after the beating they had taken (Aveling, 2010: 63)
3) SL:
Bertolak dari premis bahwa sesungguhnya
waktu tidak ada (Lestari, 2001:121)
TL:
It begins from the premise that, in fact,
time does not exist (Aveling, 2010:100)
4) SL:
Aku ingin memilikimu. Akhirnya
kalimat itu yang terucap (Lestari, 2001:218)
TL:
I want for myself. He had finally
said it (Lestari, 2001:167)
In example number
(1), we find in the word bersinarnya in
source language which means shining
in the target language. We can look at the syntactic function, suffix [-nya] functions as adverbializer because
the word shining stresses the word your face in the sentence as an adverb. So,
we can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word. In this example there
is not a shift.
In example
number (2), suffix [-nya] in the word
akhirnya also functions as
adverbializer because the word finally
stresses the word to rest in the
sentence. In the word akhirnya
translated into finally. In the
target language .Akhirnya which
belongs to adverbial is translated into finally
which also belong to adverbial in English. The word akhirnya is derived from the word akhir + suffix [-nya] and
it is translated into finally which
is combined with the word final +
suffix [-ly]. The word akhir is translated into final and suffix [-nya] is translated into suffix [-ly]. We can state here that the translator uses literal translation
in translating suffix [-nya] into the
target language it’s translated it based on the meaning of word. In this
example there is not a shift.
The same case
happens in example number (3), the word sesungguhnya
which has suffix [-nya] as
adverbializer because the word in fact
stresses the word time does not exist
in the sentence when it is translated into in
fact in English. In fact here
belongs to adverb in English. So, we can state here that the translator uses
idiomatic translation in translating the suffix [-nya] into target language he translated based on the context in the
source language. In this sentence there are unit shift from the word sesungguhnya which consists of single
word is translated into in fact in
English which is a phrase.
Suffix [-nya] as adverbializer also occurs in
example number (4), suffix [-nya] in
the word akhirnya also functions as
adverbializer because the word finally
stresses the noun it in the sentence.
In the word akhirnya is translated
into finally in the target language. Akhirnya which belongs to adverbial is
translated into finally which also
belongs to adverbial in English. The
word akhinya is derived from the word
akhir + suffix [-nya] and it is translated into finally
which is combined with the word final
+ suffix [-ly]. So, we can state here
that the translator uses literal translation in translating suffix [-nya] into the target language. It is
translated based on the meaning of word. In this example there is not shift.
3.7
Suffix[-nya] as indefinite number
Suffix [-nya] in
this discussion is as indefinite number. Several indefinite numbers can occur
as pronouns, in which case they have taken suffix [-nya]
Examples:
1) SL:
Apa yang anda butuhkan semuanya sudah
tersedia (Lestari, 2001:194)
TL:
You already have everything you need (Aveling,
2010: 152)
2) SL:
Roh itu, tak pernah mati. Tak pernah pergi. Ia segalanya. Harus pergi kemanalagi? (Lestari, 2001:309)
TL:
The spirit never dies. Never. It is everything.
Where can it go? (Aveling, 2010: 233)
In example
number (1) we find suffix [-nya] in
the word semuanya which means everything in the target language. If we
look at the syntactic function, suffix [-nya]
here functions as an indefinite number, and we look at its English translation
we can see that suffix [-nya] is
translated into everything. So, we
can state here that the translator uses literal translation in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning of word.
In the last
example we find suffix [-nya] in the
word segalanya which means everything in the target language. If we
look at the syntactic function, suffix [-nya]
here functions as an indefinite number, and we look at its English translation
we can see that suffix [-nya] is
translated into everything. So, we
can state here that the translator uses literal translation, in translating
suffix [-nya] into the target
language. It is translated based on the meaning word.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
4.1 Conclusion
After
analyzing the translation of Indonesian suffix [-nya] into English in chapter III, it is found that suffix[-nya] can be attached to various bases.
Its clitic is also various. Seeing the analysis in chapter III there are some
points that can be concluded in this chapter. The conclusion involves: In
general, suffix [-nya] has functions:
as possessive pronoun, object pronoun, indicator of definiteness, an adjective objective, indefinite number, determiner, and an adverb.
If we look at the translation, suffix [-nya] found in a bilingual novel are
variously translated into English. Suffix [-nya]
functions as possessive pronoun are translated into his, her, and their,. Suffix [-nya]
functions as object pronoun, the [-nya] as has meaning dia and suffix [-nya]
functions as object pronoun her or his. Suffix[-nya] functions as indicator of definiteness is translated into article the, Suffix[-nya] functions as adjective object is
translated into she and he. Suffix [-nya] functions as indefinite number is translated into this. Suffix[-nya] functions as determiner translated into article the. Suffix[-nya] as an adverb is translated into adverbial phrase or object of
complement.
Based on the translation, there is literal and
idiomatic translation from the word tangannya
in Indonesian is translated into his
hands in English using literal translation and word wajahnya in Indonesian is translated into his pink in English using idiomatic translation. And there are some
unit shifts in the data, for examples the word suaranya is translated into
her voice, word suaminya is
translated into her husband, word otaknya is translated into their brains.
4.2 Suggestion
To know and comprehend more detail about translation
we must have special programs in the order to be able to spread out the English
effectively. Moreover we are the student’s of English Department, required to
be able to use English grammatically, at least we are capable to transfer it to
the listener effectively and our expression is acceptable.
It is better for us as the learner not to waste the
time; we must be able to speak English very well. That is why as students you
should study hard to get your success.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwi, H. 1998. Tata
Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Avelling, H. 2010. Supernova: The Knight, the
Princess and Falling Star. Jakarta: The Lontar Foundation.
Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word- Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Catford,
J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of
Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology. London: Marmilan London Ltd.
Larson, Mildred. 1984. Meaning Based Translation, Maryland United States of America:
University Press of America.
Lestari,
Dewi. 2001. Supernova: Kesatria, Putri dan Bintang Jatuh.
Yogyakarta: PT Bentang Pustaka.
Margono, 1999. Essential
of Theory and Practice of Translation. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra
Universitas Udayana.
Nida, Eugene A and Taber, Charles R. 1974. The Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden: The United Bible Societies.
Snaddon, J. N. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. Australia. Allen and Unwin
No comments:
Post a Comment