THE PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCE IN ENGLISH
BY:
IGUSTI BAGUS INDRA KUSUMA NUGRAHA
0941121030
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
THE PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCE IN ENGLISH
BY:
IGUSTI BAGUS INDRA KUSUMA NUGRAHA
0941121030
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2013
ADVISOR AGREEMENT
This
paper has been approved to be examined by the examining Board of English
Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University, Denpasar.
Advisor
Chairman Secretary
|
Dra. Ni
Nyoman Kertiasih, SS, M.Hum
NIP. 230200013
|
|
Drs. Made
Subur, M.Hum
NIP. 230200110
|
This paper is submitted as partial fulfillment to be
obtain the degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department, Faculty of
Letters,
Warmadewa University
Approved
by
The Examining board of English Department,
Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University
August
28th, 2013
Denpasar,
1.
Dra. Ni Nyoman Kertiasih, SS,
M.Hum _______________ (Chairman)
2.
Drs. Made Subur, M.Hum _______________ (Secretary)
3.
Dr. Nyoman Kardana, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
4.
Dr. Ni Wayan Kasni, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
5.
Drs. I Wayan Saryana, M.Hum _______________ (Member)
PREFACE
First
of all, I would like to thank God, the Almighty for His Blessing I can finish
this paper at the proper time.
In
this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for Dra. Ni Nyoman
Kertiasih, SS, M.Hum as my first advisor and Drs. I Made Subur, M.Hum as second
advisor, for their valuable guidance and advice that enable me to finish this
paper. My great appreciation and thank are also to my big family and my
girlfriend A.A Istri Pradnyarani Dewi, for their helps both morally and
materially. My thanks is also delivered to my best friends (Timnuas) they are
Aris, Mudita, Dana, Prima, Sucar, Wisnu, Gede, Sansan, Ngurah and Gung swan who
has supported me in writing this paper.
I
realize this paper is not complete yet, therefore, constructive comments criticism,
suggestions and new idea will be very much needed for the improvement of this
paper. Lastly, I hope this paper will be worthwhile for who wish to develop the
study of performative utterance in English
Denpasar, August 2013
IGusti Bagus Indra Kusuma Nugraha
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
LIST OF OBSREVATION viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
and Problems
1
1.2 Scope
of Discussion
2
1.3 Aims
2
1.4 Theoretical
Basic
3
1.5 Method
of Research
4
CHAPTER II RELATED
STUDIES 5
2.1 The
Understanding of Speech Act
5
2.2 Component of
Speech Act 6
2.2.1
Locutionary Act 7
2.2.2
Perlocutionary Act 8
2.2.3
Ilocutionary Act 9
2.3 Kinds of
Speech Act 10
2.3.1 Assertive
Utterance 10
2.3.2
Performative Utterance 11
2.3.3 Expressive
Utterance 13
2.3.4 Verdictive
Utterance 13
2.3.5 Directive
Utterance 14
2.3.6 Commissive
Utterance 15
2.3.7 Phatic
Utterance 16
2.4 Performative
verb 16
2.5 Kind of
Sentence 19
2.5.1
Declarative 19
2.5.2
Interrogative 20
2.5.3 Imperative
or Directive 21
2.5.4
Exclamative 21
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS 24
3.1 Explicit
Performative Utterance 24
3.1.1 Explicit
Act of Requesting 24
3.1.2 Explicit
Act of informing 26
3.1.3 Explicit
Act of Congratulation 28
3.1.4 Explicit
Act of Apologizing 29
3.1.5 Explicit
Act of Warning 31
3.1.6 Explicit
Act of Happiness 32
3.1.7 Explicit
Act of Suggesting 34
3.1.8 Explicit
Act of Ordering 35
3.1.9 Explicit
Act of Thanking 37
3.1.10 Explicit
Act of Blessing 39
3.2 Implicit
Performative Utterance 40
3.2.1 Implicit
Act of Requesting 41
3.2.2 Implicit
Act of Warning 42
3.2.3 Implicit
Act of promising 43
3.2.4 Implicit
Act of Suggesting 44
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 46
4.1 Conclusion 46
4.2 Suggestion 47
BILBLOGRAPY
ABSTRACT
The title of my paper is Performative Utterance in English. This
research is focused on what the forms of performative
utterances in English found in the novel Sherlock Homes by Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle and what kinds of sentence used to show performative utterances found in the novel Sherlock Homes by Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle.
To do this research I applied the
methodology which consists of data source, data collection, and data analysis.
In data source I used the novel Sherlock Homes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The
method I used to collect the data was library research in which were noted and
classified base on the scope discussion. In analyzing the data I used
descriptive method. In this step I analyzed the data one by one by explaining
the idea or problem found in the data. The theory that I used was Introducing English Semantic by Charles
W. Kreidler and John I. Saeed in his book entitled Sematics.
After
I analyzed the data I found that performative utterance has two forms they are
explicit and implicit performative. The sentences are used to express
performative utterancescan be expressed in the forms of statement, declarative
and imperative. The performative utterance can be expressed by promising,
blessing, thanking, congratulation, requesting, suggestion, warning and
apologizing.
ABSTRAK
Judul penelitian ini adalah Performative Uttrance in English.
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada 2 hal yaitu apa bentuk-bentuk dari performative
utterance dan apa saja jenis-jenis kalimat yang ditujukan pada performative
utterance yang ditemukan di novel Sherlock
Homes oleh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Untuk melakukan penelitian ini
saya menggunakan metodologi yang terdiri dari sumber data, pengumpulan data dan
analisis data. Pada sumber data saya menggunakan novel Sherlock Homes oleh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Dalam mengumpulkan data
saya memakai metode telaah pustaka yang mana data yang diperoleh dengan membaca
dan mengutip kalimat-kalimat yang bisa mewakili analisa data. Untuk
menganalisis data saya menggunakan metode deskriptif yang mana data di analisa
dengan menjelaskan berdasarkan konsep yang ada pada teori. Teori yang saya
gunakan untuk menganalisa data adalah Introducing
English Semantic oleh Charles W. Kreidler dan John I. Saeed dengan bukunya
yang berjudul Sematics.
Setelah
data di analisis saya menemukan bahwa ada 2 bentuk performative utterances
yaitu explicit dan implicit. Kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
bentuk performative utterances adalah kalimat perintah dan kalimat pernyataan.
Performative utterances biasa diungkapkan dengan promising, blessing, thanking,
congratulation, requesting, suggestion, warning dan apologizing.
LIST OF OBSERVATION
Abbreviation
S: Speaker
H: Hearer
C: Context
U: Utterance
L: Language
E: Expression
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
and Problems
Sentence
can be defined as a group of words that expresses a statement, command and
question. It consists of one or more clauses and usually has at least one
subject and verb. In writing, a sentence may begin with capital letter and
question mark or exclamation (Swan, 1980:2)
Language
is related to communication. If we make a communication, we usually use
sentence which is used to express our idea or thought. Semantically we find
three classifications of sentence namely declarative sentence, imperative
sentence and interrogative sentence. A declarative sentence used to express an
idea or message. Interrogative sentence is a sentence used to ask for
information, and imperative sentence is a sentence used to ask someone to do
something.
The
sentence used in the communication show certain acts. The act shown by the
sentence or the speech is called speech act. Speech act is the act of making
utterance by the speaker performs an act such as stating a fact or opinion,
order, giving advice or permission, greeting, making prediction or a request,
thanking, making a promise or other. (Allan, 1986:164).
An
utterance spoken by speaker may have two acts namely the act of informing and
act of performing. This kind of utterance is called performative utterance. It
is usually used with performative verb like bet, promise, declares, warn, name,
sentence, and etc.
Based
on this problem I am interested in discussing the performance utterance in this
paper. Hoped this discussion ca further give them clear understanding.
1.2
Scope
of Discussion
Discussing
about performative utterance the problems which are examined can be very wide
because the topic of this paper shows so wide problems that the problems which
are examined are further limited. In according with the topic, the problems
that will be discussed in this paper are:
1. What
are the forms of performative utterances
found in the novel Sherlock Holmes by
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle?
2. What
kinds of sentence are found in the novel Sherlock
Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle show performative
utterance?
1.3
Aims
This
writing has three aims. Those are general aim, specific aim, and academic aim.
The
general aim of writing this paper is to improve knownledge that I have learned
at university. By writing a scientific paper can be given contribution of thinking
to the reader of this paper who is interested in doing the similar research.
The
specific aim of this research is to know more about performative utterance. I
want to know about forms and sentences showing performative utterance.
The
academic aim is writing this paper as requirement to achieve the S1 degree from
English Departement, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
1.4
Theoretical
Basic
In
doing this research, I need theory used to analyze the data about the problem
discussed. Theory is important means to use whenever we examine problem
scientifically. Without this means, the problem cannot be analyzed at all in a scientific
way. It is for this reason that in analyzing the problem discussed in this
paper, theory is also applied. Further, for the analysis of the data about the performative utterance found in the novel
Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the theory which is used is the
theory about utterance are primarily taken from Kreidler’s book entitled
Introducing English Semantic (1998). With the key word to the term
utterance and also the performative utterance state, as follows:
“performative
utterances are valid if spoken by someone whose right to make them is accepted
and in circumstances which are accepted as appropriate The verbs include bet,
declare, baptize, name, nominate, pronounce”
(Kreidler, 1998:185).
Beside
from this main book reference, the theoretical concepts about the utterance in
general and especially about the performative utterance were taken from
supporting book references. The main and the supporting book references from
which theoretical concepts about this matter are taken are all shown in the
bibliography.
1.5
Method
of Research
In
writing a paper, a scientific method of research is very important. A method of
the research is very essential to apply, the writing of this paper is also
based on it. If it not applied, the problem that discussion cannot be obtained
and also examined at all.
The
method that I have in writing this paper consist of three steps, they are: data
source, data collection, and data analysis.
The
data in this paper were taken from a novel entitled The Sherlock Holmes by Sir Athur
Conan Doyle. I choose this novel because it has performative utterance which is
relevant with my research.
The
method used in collecting the data is library research. Firstly I read the
novel then underlined the sentences which show performative utterances.
After
the data have been collected and classified then they were analyzed. The
analysis of each data that related to the scope and theoretical basic and they
were descriptively analyzed.
Chapter II
Related Studies
Performative
utterance is the focus of my research. If we talk about performative utterance,
it means we will learn the part of speech act. Component of speech act is
locutionary act, illocutionary act, and also perlocutionary act. In this
chapter I will discuss them in detail.
2.1
The Understanding of Speech Acts
The theory of
speech act is started with the assumptions that the minimal unit of human
communication is not a sentence or other expression, but rather that the
performance of certain kinds of acts like making statement, asking question,
giving order or thanking. For example, speech act is the act of making an
utterance in which the speaker is performing a certain kind of act. The speech
occurs when the speakers (S) produces signal which represents a thought, idea,
or message that is conveyed to the hearer (H). in this case, the speaker is
performing an act. The performance is: when the speaker (S) makes utterance (U)
to the hearer (H) in context (C) where utterance (U) consists of spoken with
prosody in language (L) (Austin cited in Allan, 1986:164). The meaning of
utterance involves the speaker’s intends to communicate to hearer and the
hearer should understand the utterance through his recognition of speaker’s
communicative intention. It is in accordance with the speaker’s intention o
influence the hearer’s belief, attitude, or behavior.
2.2
Component
of Speech Act
Bach
and Harnish state that there are four components of speech act those are
utterance, locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary. The first component of
speech act (in the utterance act) is the one in which speaker (S) utters (U) an
(E) expression using (L) language to (H) the hearer in a (C) context. The
second component of speech act is “locutionary act” in this act speaker (S)
says to the (H) hearer in context (C) that so-and-so. The third component of
speech act is “illocutionary act” in this act speaker (S) does such-and-such in
context (C). The last component of speech act is “perlocutionary act” in this
act speaker (S) affects to the hearer (H) in certain way.
These
acts are intimately related. In uttering expression (E), speaker (S) says
something to the hearer (H): in saying something to the herarer (H), speaker
(S) does something then by doing something. Speaker (S) affects the hearer (H).
Moreover, the success of the perlocutionary act depends on the hearer (H’s)
identifying one of the other acts (Bach 1979:3). The expressions in which those
4 components of the speech act:
1)
Hello (Haffard and
Heasley, 1981:15).
2)
Golda Menir, the prime
minister, is a woman of Andiranced years (Allan, 1986:179).
3)
I request that you pass
the salt (Allan, 1986:206)
4)
There is hornet in your
left ear (Haffard and Heasley, 1983:243)
The
expression in the example 1) is an utterance. It shows that the speaker says
“hello” in certain occasion to the hearer. In the example 2), the sentence is
locutionary act. It shows that the speaker uttered in polite sense. In the example
3), the sentence is categorized as illocutionary art. There is an act expressed
by the speaker to the hearer, that is act or requesting. In the example 4),
there is perlocutionary act. It affects the hearer to be panic, scream and
scratch wildly at the hearer’s ear.
2.2.1
Locutionary
Act
The
locutionary act, the act of saying something, provides the hearer with the core
of information from which to infer the speaker’s communicative. Other items of
information contribute substantially to this identification, especially when
speaker is speaking nonliterally or indirectly. But even when speakers is
speakeing literally, such that his communicative intent is made more or less
explicit by what speaker says, his intent still has to be inferred by the
hearer.
Austin
distinguishes three aspects of the locutionary act. To say anything is always
to perform the act uttering certain noises (a phonetic act) and the utterance
is phone, always to perform the act of using that (sentences) or its
constituent with a certain more or less definite sense and a more or less
definite reference (rhetic) (Bach and Harnish, 1979:19). The utterance
expressing locutionary acts are, for example:
1)
Open the window!
2)
Please will you open
the window (Allan, 1986:180)?
Both of the examples above have a
different sense. In the example 1), the sentences show that speaker uttered in
impolite sense and in example 2), the speaker uttered in more polite sense.
Everything that is said by the speaker is called locutionary act.
2.2.2
Perlocutionary
act
Perlocutionary
act is the one in which the speaker affects the hearer in a certain way.
Perlocutionary acts is what the speaker intends to communicate to the hearer.
Unlike intentions in the illocutionary act, the intentions in the
perlocutionary act need to be recognized or intended to be recognized. The can
be intended to be recognized although in some case (such as misleading or
impressing someone) the hearer is intended not to recognize them (Bach and
Harrish, 1979:81).
According
to Haffard and Heasly, the perlocutionary acts carried out by the speaker to
contain an effect on the hearer and others (1982:243). The utterances which
show perlocutionary act are, for example:
1)
There is a spider on
your lap (Allan, 1986:176)
2)
I bet you a dollar, I
can jump that puddle (Allan, 1986:176)
In the example 1), there is an
action by the speaker, when the speaker says there is a spider on his or her
lap. The speaker may cause the hearer to panic, scream and scratch widely at
hearer’s lap. In the example 2), there is behavioral response in the hearer
when he speaker bets him or her dollar.
2.2.3
Illocutionary
Act
Haffard
and Heasly explain the illocutionary act carried out by a speaker of an
utterance is the act viewed in terms of utterance’s significance within a
conventional system of social interaction. Illocutionary are acts defined by
social conventions. Those considered as illocutionary acts are such as: the act
of accosting, accusing, admitting, apologizing, challenging, complaining,
condoling, congratulating, declining, deploring, giving, permission, giving
way, greeting, leave-talking, mocking, naming, offering praising, promising,
proposing marriage, protesting, recommending, surrendering, thanking, toasting
(1983:244). The utterance which express illocutionary acts are, for example:
1)
I request that you pass
the salt (Allan, 1986:206)
2)
I am awfully sorry I
was not at the meeting this morning (Haffard and Heasly, 1983:244)
In the example 1), there is an act
in utterance expressed by it is speaker to the hearer, the act of requesting.
In the example 2), the speaker expresses an act; the act apologizing. The act
of apologizing is marked by word sorry.
Allan also states that illocutionary
act is performed by what speaker does in uttering (U) to hearer (H) in context
(Allan, 1986:175). The illocutionary acts which are presented by what speaker
say can be seem in the expression below:
1)
I promise to make max
to a movie tomorrow (Allan, 1986:177)
2)
I declare that ball out
(Allan, 1986:183)
It
can be seen that in example 1), the speaker express an act the act expressed by
the speaker is the act of promising then in the example 2), the speaker also
expresses an act, the act expressed by the speaker of this utterance is
declaring.
2.3
Kinds
of Speech Act
Speech act differs in their purpose.
According Kreidler, speech act can be divided into 7 kinds. They are assertive
utterance, Performative Uterance, Expressive Utterance, Verdictive Utterance,
Directive Utterance, Commissive Utterance, and Phatic Utterance.
2.3.1
Assertive
Utterance
In
the assertive function the speakers use language to tell what they know or
believe: assertive language is concerned with facts. The language concerned
with knowledge, with cognition. It deals with data, what exists or existed, what
is happening or has happened or not. So assertive utterance are either true or
false and generally they can be verified or falsified – not necessarily at the
time of the utterance or by those who hear them, but in general sense the are
subject to empirical investigation. Assertive verbs include allege, announce,
agree, report, remind, predict, protest (Kreidler, 1998;183-184). The examples
of assvertive utterance are:
1)
We declare that most
plastic are made from soy beans (Kreidler, 1998:184).
2)
I say that I voted for
Aaronson in the last election (Kreidler, 1998:184)
In
the example 1), the sentence is statement; this sentence expresses a direct
assertive act the assertive act is declaring. In the example 2), the sentence
is statement the sentence expresses a direct assertive act, that is the
assertive act of reporting.
2.3.2
Performative
Utterance
Speech
acts that bring about the state of affairs they name are called performative.
The act included as performative
utterance are act blessing, firings, baptisms, arrests, marrying, declaring a
mistrial. Performative utterance are valid if spoken by someone whose right to
make them is accepted in circumstances which are accepted as appropriate. The
performative verbs consist of bet, declare, baptize, name, nominate, pronounce.
Further the subject of the sentences must be I or we, as in: “I or we declare
this meeting adjourned.” This expression is performantive utterance. However, we
need to distinguish between explicit and implicit performatives. The examples
of sentence regarded as performative utterance are:
1) I declare this meeting (Kreidler,
1998:185)
2) This meeting is adjourned (Kreidler,
1998:185)
In
the example 1), the form of the sentence is statement. This sentence is
explicit performative utterance because it uses the subject I or we, in example
2), the form of sentence is statement. This sentence implicit performative
utterance because it does not use the subject I or we, the performative
utterance is requesting.
Explicit
performative is a performative which has a certain marker in the sentence and
implicit performative is a performative which does not have certain marker.
Saeed
says that explicit and implicit performatives are characterized by special
features:
a. They tend to begin with a first
person verb in a form we could describe as simple present: I bet, I warn, etc.
b. This verb belongs to a special
class describing verbal activities, for example: promise, warn, sentence, name,
bet, pronounce.
c. Generally their performative
nature can be emphasized by inserting the adverb hereby, as described earlier,
thus I hereby sentence you to ….
Utterances
with these characteristic we can call explcit performatives.
Saaed
quotes Austin statement implicit utterance which says the various linguistic
means by which more implicit performatives could be marked, including the mood
of the verb, auxiliary verb, intonation, etc (1975: 53-93).
2.3.3
Expressive
Utterance
Kreidler
explains the definition of expressive utterances. It is utterances spring from
the previous actions – or failure to act – of the speaker, or perhaps the
present result of those actions or failures. Expressive utterance are thus
retrospective and speaker-involved (Kreidler, 1988:188).
It
means that the speaker tells the hearer about something that is related about
himself. The most common expressive verb are: acknownledge, admit, confess,
deny and apologized. The examples the act in this sentence is the act of
acknownledging:
1)
I acknownledge that I
didn’t do what I should have done (Kreidler, 1998:188)
2)
We admit that we were
mistaken (Kreidler, 1998:188)
In
the example 1), the form of the sentence is statement, the Expressive act is
acknowledging. In the example 2), I found that the form of the sentence is
statement. The expressed in this sentence is the act of admitting.
2.3.4
Verdictive Utterance
Verdictive
are speech act in which the speaker makes assessment or judgment about the acts
of another usually the addresses. These
include ranking, assessing, appraising. The verb verdictive blame, accuses,
congratulate, admonish, and criticize (Kreidler, 1998:187). The examples of
sentence which is identified as verdctive utterance is:
1)
I accuse you of putting on airs (Kreidler,
1998:187).
2)
I congratulate you for
performing so well (Kreidler, 1998:187).
In
the example 1), the form of the sentence is statement. The act that this
sentence expresses is a verdictive utterance, this utterance is marked on
signed by uses of the act “accuse” this sentence shows the speaker’s utterance
of accusing. In the example 2), I found that the form of sentence is statement.
The utterance that this sentence expresses is a verdicitve utterance. This
utterance is marked on signed by uses of the act ‘congratulate” this sentence
shows the speaker’s utterance of congratulating.
2.3.5
Directive
Utterance
Directive
utterance are those in which the speaker are those tries to get the addresses
to perform some act or refrain from performing an act. Three kinds of directive
utterance can be recognized, among those: commands, request and suggestions
(Kreidler, 1998:189-190). The examples of sentence which are identified as
directive utterance are:
1)
I hereby order you to
appear in court next Monday at 10 a.m. (Kreidler, 1998:190)
2)
You must appear in
court next Monday at 10 a.m. (Kreidler, 1998:190)
3)
I am telling you not to
waste your time on that (Kreidler, 1998:190)
In
the example 1), this statement sentence is a directive utterance. The directive
utterance expresses is the utterance of commanding, it is indicator by word
“order”. In the example 2), this statement sentence is a directive utterance.
This directive utterance ist the utterance of request, the utterance is
indicator by word “must” then example 3), the form of sentence is statement.
This directive utterance express is the utterance of suggesting whit the word
“telling’.
2.3.6
Commissive
Utterance
Speech
acts that commit a speaker to a course of action are called commissive
utterance. This utterance includes promises, pledges, threat, and vows.
Commisive
verbs are illustrated by the verb ‘agree’, ‘ask’, ‘offer’, ‘refuse’, ‘swear’,
all with following infinitives. They are prospective and concerned with the
speaker’s commitment to future action (Kreidler, 1998:192). The example of
sentences which is indentified as commissive utterance is:
1)
I promise to be on time
(Kreidler, 1998:192)
2)
We volunteer to put up
the decorations for the dance (Kreidler, 1998:192)
In
the example 1), the form of the sentences is statement. The expression is a
commissive utterance. This utterance shows an act of promising. In this
utterance expresses the act of verb promising is indicator by the verb
“promises” then example 2) I found that he form of sentence is statement. The
expression is a commissive utterance. This utterance shows an act of vowing. In
the utterance expresses the act of verb promising is indicator by the verb
“volunteer”.
2.3.7
Phatic
Utterance
Phantic
utterance is to establish rapport between members of the same society, it does
not require an answers because it is just social talk or responses. Phatic
utterance consists of greetings, farewells, polite formulas (Kreidler,
1998:194). The examples which are identified as phatic utterance are:
1)
Excuse me (Kreidler,
1998:194).
2)
Thank you (Kreidler,
1998:194).
In
the example 1), the form of the sentence is statement. This phatic utterance
express is the utterance of excuses, the utterance is indicator by word
“excuse” the example 2), this statement sentence is a phatic utterance. This
phatic utterance expresses is the utterance of thanking. The utterance is
indicator by word “thank”.
2.4
Performatie Verb
In
explicit performative utterances, verb are used to indicated the function of
particular utterance; such verb s called performative verb. Performative verb
is said to be crucial constituentof an explicity performative because the meaning of performative verb is the essence
of the illocution, the verb effectively spells out the illocutionary force off
the performative clause (Allan, 1986:167). For example:
1. I
promise that I shall be there (Allan, 1986:167)
2. I
shall be there (Allan, 1986:167)
All
regular utterance like examples 1 and 2 have performative verb or not, there is
both a ‘doing’ element and ‘saying’ elemen.
The
following constitute the necessary conditions on the form of explicit
performative clauses (Allan, 1986:174:175):
1) The
clause complies with the normal rules of English grammar.
2) The
main verb is the performative clause must be a performative verb, spells out
the illocutionary point of the utterance.
3) The
performative verb must be in the present(non-past, non-future, non-perfect)
tense, because the illocutionary act is defined on the moment of utterance.
4) A
performative clause must be realist, designate an actualization of the
illocutionary act.
5) The
subject of the performative clause is conditioned by the fact that the speaker
is agent for either himself of another, whichever takes responsivility for
enforcing the illocutionary described by the performative verb.
6) It
is often said the performative verb necessarily occurs in the simple aspect;
and it does normally do so, and may occur in the progressive aspect.
7) A
performative verb can typically by preceded by the adverb ‘hereby’ meaning
inuttering this performative. This adverb will be preceded the negative
constituent ‘not’ or auximiliary verb +not of a negative performative.
The
performative occurs understandably enough, when speaker need to define his
speech act as belonging to a particularly category. For example:
1) I
order you to stand up
The
officer who says to a soldier I order you to stand up is making clear the
official definition of his illocutionary as an order; just as he would
retrospectively if he said: stand up that’s an order. The utterance in fact
that is so defined may have clear consequences on itself as disciplinary
action. With respect to related observation, brought out by this example is
that a performative is metalinguistic and it is a kind of reported-speech
utterance. The performatife metalinguistic character is in fact that key to the
nature, they not only make clear their own (illocutionary) force, but also
catagories it. For instance: sit down could have a variable in different
circumstances, be called an invitation, a suggestion, an offer or an order. On
he other hand, I order you to stand up, it is clear that this utterance is
identified as performative.
2.5
Kind
of Sentence
According
to quirk at all in his book entitled The Comprehensive Grammar of The English
Language there are four major syntactic of simple sentence. Those are
declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative (1985:803):
2.5.1
Declarative
Declarative are sentences, in which
the subject is present and generally precedes the verb. From the function that
is used to convey information. For example:
1) Someone
called last night (Quirk, 1985:808).
2) The
boat has left already (Quirk, 1985:808).
3) I
live somewhere near Dover (Quirk, 1985:808).
In
the example 1), the sentence is started with the subject ‘someone’ followed by
the verb ‘called’. In the example 2), the sentence is started with the subject
‘the boat’ and followed by the verb ‘has’ left this sentence is used to convey
information that the boat has left already. In the example 3), the sentence is
started with the subject ‘I’ followed by the verb ‘live’. It is used to convey
information ‘I live somewhere ear Doer’.
2.5.2
Interrogative
Interrogatives
are sentence which formally marked with the operator placed in front of the
subject and the element is positioned initially. It is used to seek information
(Quirk, 1985:803).
Question
can be divided into three major classes such as: yes-no question, why question
and alternative question. For example:
1) Must
I leave now (Quirk, 1985:815).
2) What
did you base your prediction on (Quirk, 1985:817).
3) Which
ice cream would you like? Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberries (Quirk, 1985:823)?
In
the example 1), is categorized as yes – no question. It is marked with the
modal must. It is used to seek information (yes or no). in example 2), we found
that the question on the interrogative is marked with wh question element
(what). So it is wh question used to seek information about something. In the
example 3), the sentence is marked with the wh element expressing choice. It is
categorized as alternative question.
2.5.3
Imperative
or directive
Imperatives
had no subject in the base form. The imperative can be classified into
imperative with subject, without subject, imperative let and negative
imperative. For example:
1) Don’t
open the door (Quirk, 1985:830).
2) Let
us all work hard (Quirk, 1985:839).
3) You
are quite (Quirk, 1985:828)!
4) Open
the door (Quirk, 1985:827).
In
the example 1), the sentence belongs to negative imperative. It is started with
auxiliary do + not followed by the base from of the verb (open). In the example
2), belongs to imperative with let because it is started with the word let. In
the example 3), belongs to imperative with subject. It is started with the
subject you. In the example 4), the sentence belongs to imperative with out
subject. It is started with the base form of the verb (open).
2.5.4
Exclamative
Exclamative
as a formal category of sentence are restricted to the type exclamatory
utterance introduced by what or how. Here there is generally no subject –
operator inversion (Quirk, 1985:833). For example:
1) What
an enomous crowd came (Quirk, 1985:833).
2) What
a time we we’ve had today (Quirk, 1985:833).
Both
of the examples above belong to exclamatives. They do not have subject operator
inversion. They are started with the word that.
Chapter III
ANALYSIS
Based on previous chapter,
performative utterance is a speech act that brings about the state of affairs.
Performative utterance has two forms. Those are implicit performative and
explicit performative. Implicit performative tends to be ambigious because it
does not contain an expression naming act. Explicit performative is a specialized
way of being unambiguous or specific about what act we perform in speaking.
Based on the finding, the two kinds utterances are found from the data source,
that is, Doyle’s novel entitled Sherlock
Holmes volume 1 (1986). Performative utterance can express illocutionary
act. Illocutionary act is that what the speaker does in uttering to hearer in
context.
The kinds of the acts shown by the
performative utterances, based on finding from this data source, are the same,
that is, the act of suggesting, requesting, congratulation, apologizing,
thanking, warning, promising and advising. Futher, the data analysis of the
acts shown by the explicit and implicit performative utterance found from the
data source is shown below:
3.1 Explicit
Performative
As I said before, explicit performative
utterance is a specialized way of being unambiguous or specific about what act
we perform in speaking. An explicit performative can be seen to be mechanism
which allows the speaker to remove any possibility of misunderstanding the
force behind the utterance. When performative verb is used in an utterance, it
must be used to describe the illocutionary force of the utterance.
Based
on the data finding from the data source, the acts which are shown by the
explicit performative utterance expressed in the statement from are acts of
requesting, informing, congratulation, apologizing, warning, happiness,
suggesting, ordering, thanking and blessing. Futher, the data of the explicit
performative utterances which show the acts are analyzed below.
3.1.1
Explicit Act of Requesting
Requesting
means an act of asking politely for something (Oxford University, 1995:9960). The
explicit utterance can show by an act of requesting to the hearer. The
utterances are all uttered in the declarative forms and imperative forms. The
performative utterance that explicitly presents requesting acts, as seen in
Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1) I
really beg your pardon (P. 29)!!
2) I
beg you to leave no stone unturned to bring him safely back (P. 996).
3) Let
me know when you have settled which it is to be (P. 86).
All the
utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to performed explicitly because the speaker of the performative utterances are
directly the first person, in these case the pronoun I or we. In these data
speaker as first person can be seen into novel Sherlock Holmes. Those explicit performative utterance shows an act
of requesting are then shown by different words. In the example 1) the act of
requesting is indicated by the speaker by using word beg. In this utterance the word beg
is used to show request by the word ‘really beg your pardon’. The utterance is
declarative because it is started by subject I followed verb beg. The
sentence is called explicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses explicit performative of requesting to the hearer directly and in
this case the pronoun is I.
In the example
2) the act of requesting is indicated by the speaker by using word beg is used to show request by the word
‘beg you to leave no stone unturned to bring him safely back’. The speaker performs
an utterance of requesting to the hearer with the word beg. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker expresses explicit performative of requesting to the hearer
directly and in this case the pronoun is I. The utterance is declarative
because it is started by subject I followed
verb beg.
In
the example 3) the act of requesting is indicated by the speaker by using word let. In this utterance the word let is used to show requesting in
uttering ‘Let me know when you have settled which it is to be’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of requesting to the hearer directly and the sentence is does not
have specific marker. The sentence is called imperative because the verb of the
sentence is bare infinitive, that is let.
3.1.2
Explicit
Act of Informing
Informing is
facts told heard or discovered about somebody or something. (Oxford University,
1995:611). The utterance of explicit performative can be expressed with
declarative. The performative utterance that explicity present informing acts,
as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1) I
must inform you, gentleman that the priority is a preparatory school, of which
I am founder and principal (P. 8550).
2) I
must explain to you Mr. Holmes, that to-morrow is he first day of the
examination for the fortes cue scholarship (P. 947).
All the
utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterance because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be performed explicitly because the speaker of the performaive utterances
are directly the first person, in this case the pronoun I or we. Those explicit
performative utterance show an act of informing are then shown by different
words in the example 1), the act of informing is indicated by the speaker by
using word must inform. In this utterance the word must inform is used to
emphasize informing in the uttering ‘gentleman that the priority is a
preparatory school, of which I am founder and principal’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of informing to the hearer directly and in this case pronoun is I.
The utterance is declarative because it is started by subject we followed by verb inform.
In
the example 2), the act of informing is indicated by the speaker by using the
word must explain. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of informing to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun
is I. in this utterance the word must
explain is used to show information in the uttering ‘I must explain to you
Mr. Holmes, that to-morrow is the first day of the examination for the fortes
cue scholarship’. The utterance is called declarative because it is started by
subject I followed by verb explain.
3.1.3
Explicit
Act of Congratulation
Congratulating
is to tell somebody that one is pleased about their good luck or achievements
(Oxford University, 1995:242). The explicit utterance which performs an act of
congratulation is usually expressed by the speaker if the hearer success doing
something. The performative utterance that explicitly presents congratulation
act, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1. I
congratulate you (P. 867)
2. I
congratulate you about your achievement (P.933)
All
the utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterances. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The act shown by the utterances is said to
perform congratulating explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterance is directly the first person, in this case the pronoun I or we. In
the example 1) the act of congratulating is indicated by the speaker by using
word congratulate. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of congratulating to the hearer directly and in this case the
pronoun is I. This utterance is called declarative because it is started by
subject I then followed by verb congratulate. The speaker shows explicit
performative utterance by the word congratulate
which is used to emphasize congratulating in uttering ‘I congratulate you’.
In
the example 2) the act of congratulating is indicated by the speaker by using
word congratulate. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of congratulating to the hearer directly and in this case the
pronoun is I. This utterance is called declarative because it is started by
subject I then followed by verb congratulate. The speaker shows explicit
performative utterance by the word congratulate
which is used to emphasize congratulating in uttering ‘I congratulate you about
your achievement’.
3.1.4
Explicit
Act of Apologizing
Apologizing
is a word or statement to say one is sorry for having done something wrong or
for upsetting somebody (University Oxford, 1995:46). The speaker apologizes for
doing something wrong. It can be expressed with statement. It is usually marked
with the word sorry. The performative
utterances that explicitly present apologizing acts, as seen is Doyle’s novel
(1986), can be seen in data below:
1) I
am sorry to knock you go up so early, doctor, said he (P. 424).
2) I
am sorry to have interrupted you (P. 432)
3) I
am sorry to say that we have made very little progress, said the inspector (P.
529).
4) I
am sorry that I broke my promise, jack, said she (P. 558)
5) I
am sorry to cut off your view, Mr. Melas, said he (P. 688)
All the
utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or on an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said to
perform apologizing explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances are directly the first person, in these case the pronoun I or we.
These utterances are all uttered in the declarative forms because they are
started by subject I then followed by
verb am. In example 1) the act of
apologizing is indicated by the speaker by using word sorry. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance
because the speaker expresses explicit performative of apologizing to the
hearer directly and in this case the pronoun is I. the utterance it is called
declarative because it started by subject I
then followed by verb sorry. The
word sorry is used to emphasize
apologizing in uttering ‘sorry to knock you go up so early’.
In the example
2) the act of apologizing is uttered by the speaker by using the word sorry. The word sorry is used to emphasize apologizing in uttered ‘sorry to have
interrupted you’. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance
because the speaker expresses explicit performative of apologizing to hearer
directly and in this case the pronoun is I.
The utterance it is called declarative because it started by subject I then
followed by verb sorry. Apologizing
is emphasize by the word sorry in
uttering ‘sorry to have interrupted you’
In the example
3) the act of apologizing is indicated by the speaker by using word sorry. The word sorry is used to emphasize apologizing in uttering ‘sorry to say
that we have made very little progress, said the inspector’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speakers expresses explicit
performative of apologizing to hearer directly and in this case the pronoun is
I. the utterance it is called declarative
because it started by subject I
then followed by verb sorry.
In the example
4) the act of apologizing is uttered by the speaker by using the word sorry. Apologizing is emphasize by the
word sorry in uttering ‘sorry that I broke my promise, jack’. The sentence is
called explicit performative of apologizing to hearer directly and this case
the pronoun is I. The utterance it is called declarative because it started by
subject I then followed by verb sorry.
In
the example 5) the sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker express explicit performative of apologizing to the hearer directly
and in this case the pronoun is I. The act of apologizing is indicated by the speaker
by using word sorry. Apologizing in
emphasize by the word sorry in
uttering ‘sorry to cut off your view, Mr. Melas’. The utterance it called
declarative because it started by subject I then followed by verb sorry.
3.1.5
Explicit
Act of Warning
Warning
is statement, an event that warns somebody about something (Oxford University,
1995:1341). It can be expressed in declarative. The performative utterance that
explicitly present warning act, as seen I Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in
data below:
1) I
warn you that they are very incomplete (P.449).
2) I
warn you to get out from here (P.333)!
All the utterances
in the data above are explicit performative utterances. They are called explicit
performative utterances because these utterances perform acts explicitly or in
an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterance are said to perform warning
explicitly because the speaker of the performative utterance is directly the
first person, in this case the pronoun I or we. In the example 1) the act of
warning is indicated by the speaker by using word warn. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance
because the speaker express explicit performative of warning to the hearer
directly and in this case the pronoun is I. The utterance is called declarative
because it is started by subject I
then followed by verb warn. The word warn is used to emphasize warning in
uttering ‘I warn you that they are very incomplete.’
In
the example 2) the act of the utterance is warning in indicated by the speaker
by using word warn. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker express explicit
performative of warning to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun is
I. The utterance is called declarative because it is started by subject I then followed by verb warn. The word warn is used to emphasize warning in uttering ‘I warn you to get
out from here’.
3.1.6
Explicit
Act of Happiness
Happiness
is feeling, giving or expressing pleasure (Oxford University, 2008:202). The
performative utterance that explicitly presents happiness acts, as seen in
Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1) I
am glad to hear your majesty say so (P.262)
2) I
am glad to hear you say so, said Holmes gravely (P.327)
3) In
that case I should be glad to hear the evidence and to amine the premises
without an instant of unnecessary delay (P.818)
All the
utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicitly performative utterance because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to perform happiness explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances directly belongs to the first person, in these case the pronoun I or
we. In the example 1), the act of happiness in indicated by the speaker by
using word glad. The utterance is
called declarative because it is started by subject I then followed by verb hear.
The word glad is used to show
happiness in uttering ‘glad to hear your majesty say so’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of happiness to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun
is I.
In the example
2) the act of happiness is uttered by the speaker by using the word glad. The sentence is called explicit
performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit performative of
happiness to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun is I. The
utterance is called declarative because it is started by subject I then followed by verb hear. The word hear is used to show happiness in uttering ‘glad to hear you say
so’.
In the example
3) the act of happiness is uttered by the speaker by using the word glad. The sentence is called explicit
performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit performative of
happiness to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun is I. The
utterance is called declarative because it started by subject I then followed by verb hear. The word glad is used to show happiness in uttering ‘glad to hear the
evidence and to amine the premises without an instant of unnecessary delay’.
3.1.7
Explicit
Act of Suggesting
Suggesting
is the explicit utterance which performs an act of suggestion usually expresses
by an idea, plan or person that is suggested or recommend (Oxford University,
1995:1195). It can be expressed with declarative. The performative utterance
that explicitly presents ordering acts, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be
seen in data below:
1) I
would suggest that you cease to write your name upon the lining of your hat, or
else that you turn the crown towards the person whom you are addressing (P.
550).
2) I
suggest you to open the door (P. 600).
All
the utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are called explicit performative
utterances because these utterances perform act explicitly or in an explicit
manner. The act shown by the utterance are said to perform suggesting
explicitly because the speaker of the performative utterance directly belongs
to the first person, in this case the pronoun is I. In the example 1), the act
of suggesting is indicated by the speaker by using word suggest. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance
because the speaker expresses explicit performative of suggesting to the hearer
directly and in this case the pronoun is I. The utterance is called declarative
because it is started by subject I then followed verb suggest. The word suggest
is used to emphasize suggesting in uttering ‘suggest that you cease to write
your name upon the lining of your hat, or else that you turn the crown’.
In
the example 2), the act of suggesting is indicated by the speaker by using word
suggest. The sentence is called
explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of suggesting to the hearer directly and in this case the pronoun
is I. The utterance is called declarative because it is started by subject I
then followed verb suggest. The word suggest is used to emphasize suggesting
in uttering ‘I suggest you to open the door’.
3.1.8
Explicit
Act of Ordering
Ordering
is an act of giving an order to somebody or to command somebody to do something
(Oxford University, 1995:816). It can be expressed in the imperative. The
performative utterance that explicitly presents ordering acts, as seen in
Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1) Get
your hat (P. 22).
2) Now
stand here (P. 28).
3) Look
at this advertisement (P. 39).
4) Give
me your coat and umbrella (P. 333)
5) Get
back into your chair (P. 393)!
All
the utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform ordering explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances directly belongs to the first person Those explicit performative
utterance shows an act of ordering are then shown by different words. In the
example 1) the act of ordering is indicated by the speaker by using word get. In this utterance the word get is used to show order in uttering
‘get your hat’. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker expresses explicit performative of ordering to the hearer directly
and this utterance does not have certain marker. Because the verb of the
sentence is bare infinitive, that is give,
so the sentence is called imperative.
In
the example 2) the act of ordering is indicated by the speaker by using word stand. In this utterance the word stand is used to show ordering in
uttering ‘now stand here’. The sentence is called explicit performative
utterance because the speaker expresses explicit performative of ordering to
the hearer directly and this utterance does not have certain marker. Because
the verb of the sentence is bare infinitive, that is stand, so the sentence is called imperative.
In
the example 3) the act of ordering is indicated by the speaker by using word look. In this utterance the word look is used to show ordering in
uttering ‘Look at this
advertisement’. The sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker expresses explicit performative of ordering to the hearer directly
and this utterance does not have certain marker. The sentence is called
imperative because the verb of the sentence is bare infinitive, that is look.
In
the example 4) the act of ordering is indicated by the speaker by using word give. In this utterance the word give is used to show ordering in uttering
‘Give me your coat and umbrella’. The sentence is called explicit performative
utterance because the speaker expresses explicit performative of ordering to
the hearer directly and this utterance does not have certain marker. The
sentence is called imperative because the verb of the sentence is bare
infinitive, that is give.
In
the example 5) the act of ordering is indicated by the speaker by using word get. In this utterance the word get is used to show ordering. The
sentence is called explicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses explicit performative of ordering to the hearer directly and this
utterance does not had certain marker. Because the verb of the sentence is bare
infinitive, that is get, so the
sentence is called imperative.
3.1.9
Explicit
Act of Thanking
Thanking
means to express gratitude to somebody (Oxford University. 1995:1235). Thanking
can be expressed in statement. The utterances which show explicit performative
acts, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data below:
1) Thank
God! I ejaculated from my heart (P. 211).
2) Thank
you, Maggie (P. 395).
3) Thank
God, you kept your set (P. 77).
4) Thank
you, that will do, said Holmes (P. 985).
5) Thank
you. I will trouble you once again (P.801).
All
the utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform thanking explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances directly belongs to the first person. These utterances are all
uttered in the imperative forms because the verb used to in the sentence is
bare infinitive (without “to”). In the example 1) in this utterance the word thank is used to emphasize thanking in
uttering ‘Thank God! I ejaculated from my heart’. The sentence is called
explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of thanking to the hearer directly and this utterance does not
have certain marker.
In
the example 2) the sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker expresses explicit performative of thanking to the hearer directly
and this utterance does not have certain marker. The act of the utterance is
thanking is indicated by the speaker by using word thank. In this utterance the word thank is used to emphasize thanking in uttering Thank you, Maggie’.
In
the example 3) the act of the utterance is thanking is indicated by the speaker
by using word thank. In this
utterance the word thank is used to
emphasize thanking in uttering ‘Thank God, you kept your set’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of thanking to the hearer directly and this utterance does not
have certain marker.
In
the example 4) in this utterance the word thank
is used to emphasize thanking in uttering ‘Thank you, that will do’. The
sentence is called explicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses explicit performative of thanking to the hearer directly and this
utterance does not have certain marker. The act of the utterance is thanking is
indicated by the speaker by using word thank.
In
the example 5) the sentence is called explicit performative utterance because
the speaker expresses explicit performative of thanking to the hearer directly
and this utterance does not have certain marker. The act of the utterance is
thanking is indicated by the speaker by using word thank. In this utterance the word thank is used to emphasize thanking in uttering ‘Thank you. I will
trouble you once again’.
3.1.10
Explicit
Act of Blessing
Blessing
is asking for God’s favour for somebody or something (Oxford University,
2008:41). Blessing can be expressed in statement. The utterances which show
explicit performative act, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data
below:
1) Bless
you sir, I know where all my old friends are (P. 589).
2) Bless
you, sir, if anyone is about he will be, for he is always the first stirring
(P. 536).
3) God
bless you! You are doing what you can for him and for me (P. 478).
All
the utterances in the data above are explicit performative utterance. They are
called explicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
explicitly or in an explicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform blessing explicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances directly belongs to the first person. In the example 1) the act of
the utterance is blessing is indicated by the speaker by using word bless. In this utterance the word bless is used to emphasize blessing in
uttering ‘Bless you sir, I know where all my old friends are’. The sentence is
called explicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses explicit
performative of blessing to the hearer directly, in this case the sentence is
does not have specific marker.
In
the example 2), the word bless is
used to emphasize blessing in uttering ‘Bless
you, sir, if anyone is about he will
be, for he is always the first stirring’. The act of the utterance is blessing
is indicated by the speaker by using word bless.
The sentence is called explicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses explicit performative of blessing to the hearer directly, in this
case the sentence is does not have specific marker.
In
the example 3), the act of the utterance is blessing is indicated by the
speaker by using word bless. The
sentence is called explicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses explicit performative of blessing to the hearer directly, in this
case the sentence is does not have specific marker. In this utterance the word bless is used to emphasize blessing in
uttering ‘God bless you! You are
doing what you can for him and for me’.
3.2
Implicit
Performative Utterance
Implicit
performative utterance tends to be ambiguous because it does not contain an
expression naming act. The implicit performative act can be seen from the
meaning. Base on data source the implicit performative utterance can be
expressed in statement forms and imperative forms. The performative utterance
expressed in the imperative forms or statement forms here can express an act
like requesting, warning, promising and
suggesting. Further the data of the implicit performative utterance which show
these acts are seen below:
3.2.1 Implicit Act of Requesting
Requesting means
to ask politely likely for something (Oxford University, 1995:996). It can be
expressed with imperative, interrogative and declarative. The utterance that
implicitly presents ordering acts, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen
in data below:
1) Let
us be frank with this gentleman (P. 50).
2) Give
him food and drink and the child like wish (P. 72).
3) I
begged him to tell me what had occurred (P. 842).
4) Would
you mind reading it to me a loud (P.21)?
All the
utterances in the data above are implicit performative utterance. They are
called implicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
implicitly or in an implicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform requesting implicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances indirectly belongs to the first person. Those implicit performative
utterance shows an act of requesting are then shown by different words. In the
example In the example 1) is called imperative. The sentence is called implicit
performative utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of
requesting to the hearer indirectly, in this case the sentence is does not have
specific marker. The act of requesting is indicated by the speaker by using
word let. In this utterance the word let is used to show requesting in
uttering ‘Let us be frank with this gentleman’.
In the example 2)
the sentence is called imperative because the verb of the sentence is bare
infinitive, that is give. The act of
requesting is indicated by the speaker by using word give. In this utterance the word give is used to show requesting in uttering ‘Give him food and
drink and the child like wish’. The sentence is called implicit performative
utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of requesting to
the hearer indirectly, in this case the sentence is no have specific marker.
In the example 3)
the act of requesting is indicated by the speaker by using word beg. In this utterance the word begged
is used emphasized request by the word ‘I begged him to tell me what had
occurred’. The sentence is called implicit performative utterance because the
speaker expresses implicit performative of requesting to the hearer indirectly.
The utterance is declarative because it is started by subject I followed by
verb begged.
In the example
4) the act of requesting is indicated by speaker by using word would you mind.
The word would you mind is used to show requesting in uttering ‘Would you mind
reading it to me a loud?’. It is called interrogative sentence because the
modal verb, that is would is placed
in front of the sentence. The sentence is called implicit performative
utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of requesting to
the hearer indirectly.
3.2.2
Implicit
Act of Warning
Warning is
statement, an event that warns somebody about something (Oxford University,
1995:1341). It can be expressed in statement. The utterance that implicitly
presents warning act, as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986), can be seen in data
below:
1) You
would lose your money (P. 17).
2) You
would lose your chair Mr. Holmes (P. 208).
The utterance in
the data above is implicit performative utterance. It is called implicit
performative utterance because this utterance performs act implicitly or in an
implicit manner. The act shown by the utterance is said to be perform warning
implicitly because the speaker of the performative utterance indirectly belongs
to the first person. In the example 1) the sentence is called implicit
performative utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of
warning to the hearer indirectly in this case the sentence is does not have
specific marker. The act of warning is indicated by the speaker by using word would lose. In this utterance the word lose is used to show warning in uttering ‘you would lose your
money’.
In the example
2), the act of warning is indicated by the speaker by using word would lose. In this utterance the word lose is used to show warning in uttering ‘You would lose your chair
Mr. Holmes’. The sentence is called implicit performative utterance because the
speaker expresses implicit performative of warning to the hearer indirectly in
this case the sentence is does not have specific marker.
3.2.3
Implicit
Act of Promising
Promising means
statement telling somebody that you will
definitely do or not do something (Oxford University, 2008:3 52). It can be
expressed in declarative. The utterance that implicitly presents promising act,
as seen in Doyle’s novel (1986) can be seen in data below:
1. I
will tell you one other thing, he
said (P. 33).
2. I
will tell it ye from the beginning,
he said (P. 34).
3. I
will tell you what I know about
Effie’s history (P. 551).
4. Then
I will help you with all my heart (P. 810).
All the
utterances in the data above are implicit performative utterance. They are
called implicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
implicitly or in an implicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform promising implicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances indirectly belongs to the first person, in these case the pronoun I
or we. In the example 1) the act of informing is uttered by the speaker by
using the word will. In this
utterance the word will is used to
show promising to the hearer in the uttering ‘I tell you one other thing’. The
utterance is called declarative because it started by subject I then followed by verb tell. The sentence is called implicit
performative utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of
thanking to the hearer indirectly.
In the example
2) the act of inform is indicated by the speaker by using word will tell. In this utterance the word will is used to show promising in the
uttering ‘I will tell it ye from the beginning’. The utterance is declarative
because it is started by subject I
followed verb tell. The sentence is
called implicit performative utterance because the speaker expresses implicit
performative of thanking to the hearer indirectly.
In the example
3) the act of inform is indicated by the speaker by using word will tell. The utterance is called
declarative because it is started by subject I followed by verb tell.
This utterance the word tell is used
to emphasize promising in the uttering ‘will tell you what I know about Effie’s
history’. The sentence is called implicit performative utterance because the
speaker expresses implicit performative of thanking to the hearer indirectly.
In the example
4) the act of promising is indicated by speaker by using verb will. The word
will is used to show of promising in uttering ‘Then I will help you with all my
heart’. The sentence is called implicit performative utterance because the
speaker expresses implicit performative of promissing to the hearer indirectly.
The utterance is called declarative because it is started by subject I followed by verb help.
3.2.4
Implicit
Act of Suggesting
Suggesting
is the implicit utterance which performs an act of suggestion usually expresses
by an idea, plan or person that is suggested or recommend (Oxford University,
1995:1195). It can be expressed with interrogative imperative. The performative
utterance that explicitly presents suggesting acts, as seen in Doyle’s novel
(1986) can be seen in data below:
1. Why
don’t you say some yourself (P.67)?
2. Don’t
worry Mr. Holmes, we’ve thought of a way around your problem (P.58)!
All the
utterances in the data above are implicit performative utterance. They are
called implicit performative utterances because these utterances perform acts
implicitly or in an implicit manner. The acts shown by the utterances are said
to be perform promising implicitly because the speaker of the performative
utterances indirectly belongs to the first person. In the example 1) the act of
suggesting is indicated by speaker by using word don’t you. The word don’t you
is used to show suggesting in uttering ‘Why don’t you say some yourself?’. The
sentence is called interrogative because the word why as wh question is placed
in front of the sentence. The sentence is called implicit performative
utterance because the speaker expresses implicit performative of suggesting to
the hearer indirectly.
In the example
2) the act of suggesting is indicated by speaker by using word ‘don’t worry’. The
word don’t worry is used to show
suggesting in uttering ‘Don’t worry Mr. Holmes, we’ve thought of a way around
your problem’. The sentence is called imperative because it is started by
negative statement there is don’t
then followed by verb worry. The
sentence is called implicit performative utterance because the speaker
expresses implicit performative of suggesting to the hearer indirectly.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
After
analyzing the data, I found some point as conclusion. In general there are two
forms of performative utterance found in data source, those are explicit and
implicit performative. Explicit performative utterance is a specialized way of
being unambiguous or specific about what act we perform in speaking. And
implicit performative utterance is tends to be ambiguous because it does not
contain an expression naming act.
Explicit
performative can be expressed in various kinds sentence, it is used to express
explicit performative are used statement, declarative, Imperative and
interrogative sentence. The statement is used in performative can express some
acts such as apologizing, thanking and warning. Declarative sentence is used
performative can express some acts such as requesting, suggesting, congratulation
and promising. Then imperative sentence used performative can express an act
such as requesting.
Implicit
perfotmative can be expressed in statement, imperative and interrogative
sentence. The statement is used in performative can express an act such as
warning. Imperative sentence used performative can express an act such as
suggesting, ordering and requesting. And interrogative sentence used
performative can express an act such as suggesting and requesting.
4.2
Suggestion
Talking
about semantic especially performative utterance is very complicated. The first
we should know about speech act, kinds of speech act, locution, illocution,
perlocution, utterance and forms of performative utterance. That is why in this
good occasion, I would like to give suggestion to the student who want to make
a research. Before making a research especially performative utterance we
should learn the theory of semantic. So it will be easier for you to do the
research. Another suggestion that I want to give the student especially the
student of English Department should do the research seriously to get a good
result.
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Kreidler,
Charles W. 1998. Introducing English
Semantic. London and New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher.
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Quirk,
Randolp and Sidney Greenbaum and Jan Svartrik and Geoffrey Leech. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English
Language. London : Longman Group Ltd.
Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle. 1986. Sherlock Homes
The Complete Novels and Stories Volume 1 : Bantam Dell A Division of Random
House, Inc.
Allan, Keith 1986. Linguistic meaning volume 2 Greet Britain Monas University.
Bach,
Ken Robert M. and Harnish 1979. Linguistic
Communication and Speech acts. New York : Basil Blackwell inc.
Hurfod,
R. James and Brendan Heasly 1984. Semantic
: A Course Book. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
A.S.
Hornby 1995. Oxford Advanced Learber’s
Dictionary: University Press Walton Street OX2 6DP.
